Jarvis, Optimise my shit

.gitignore

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ build/
 .idea/**/dbnavigator.xml
 *.t4jlog
 *.spv
+*.spv.options
 # Gradle
 .idea/**/gradle.xml
 .idea/**/libraries
@@ -90,3 +91,4 @@ fabric.properties
 /resources/models/Forest/
 /resources/models/tree/
 /resources/models/woman/
+/docs/

gradle/renderer-validation.init.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+def validationRun = System.currentTimeMillis()
+gradle.projectsEvaluated {
+    allprojects {
+        tasks.withType(Test).configureEach {
+            binaryResultsDirectory.set(layout.buildDirectory.dir("renderer-validation/${validationRun}/binary"))
+            reports.junitXml.outputLocation.set(layout.buildDirectory.dir("renderer-validation/${validationRun}/xml"))
+            reports.html.outputLocation.set(layout.buildDirectory.dir("renderer-validation/${validationRun}/html"))
+        }
+    }
+}

resources/EngineResources/VoxelComputeShaders/meshGenerationShared.glsl

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 layout(local_size_x = 4, local_size_y = 4, local_size_z = 4) in;
 
 const int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
-const int CHUNK_AREA = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE;
+const int SCRATCH_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
-const int VOXEL_COUNT = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE;
+const int SCRATCH_AREA = SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE;
+const int SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT = SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE;
 
-const uint VERTICES_PER_FACE = 6u;
 const uint MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK = uint(CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * 6);
 
 layout(std430, binding = 0) readonly buffer VoxelData {
@@ -17,19 +17,8 @@ layout(std430, binding = 1) buffer FaceBuffer {
     uint faces[];
 };
 
-struct DrawCommand {
+layout(std430, binding = 2) buffer Counters {
-    uint vertexCount;
+    uint faceCount[];
-    uint instanceCount;
-    uint firstVertex;
-    uint firstInstance;
-};
-
-layout(std430, binding = 2) buffer DrawCommands {
-    DrawCommand drawCmds[];
-};
-
-layout(std430, binding = 3) buffer Counters {
-    uint faceCount;
 } counters;
 
 struct Voxel {
@@ -52,23 +41,23 @@ layout(push_constant) uniform ChunkInfo {
     int slot;
     uint faceOffset;
     uint voxelTypeCount;
-    uint indirectCommandIndex;
     uint biomeCount;
     uint structureCount;
     uint worldSeed;
 };
 
 uint flatten(ivec3 pos) {
-    return uint((pos.x * CHUNK_AREA) + (pos.y * CHUNK_SIZE) + pos.z);
+    pos += ivec3(1);
+    return uint(slot * SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT + pos.x * SCRATCH_AREA + pos.y * SCRATCH_SIZE + pos.z);
 }
 bool isSeeThrough(Voxel voxel, uint type) {
     if (type == 0u || voxel.BlockType == 3u || type > voxelTypeCount) return true;
     return voxelReg.materials[type - 1u].BlockType >= 1u;
 }
 uint getVoxel(ivec3 pos) {
-    if (pos.x < 0 || pos.x >= CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
+    if (pos.x < -1 || pos.x > CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
-    if (pos.y < 0 || pos.y >= CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
+    if (pos.y < -1 || pos.y > CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
-    if (pos.z < 0 || pos.z >= CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
+    if (pos.z < -1 || pos.z > CHUNK_SIZE) return 0u;
 
     return voxels[flatten(pos)];
 }
@@ -175,7 +164,7 @@ void emitFace(ivec3 voxelPos, uint faceIndex, uint voxelType) {
         return;
     }
 
-    uint localFace = atomicAdd(counters.faceCount, 1u);
+    uint localFace = atomicAdd(counters.faceCount[slot], 1u);
 
     if (localFace >= MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK) {
         return;
@@ -183,8 +172,6 @@ void emitFace(ivec3 voxelPos, uint faceIndex, uint voxelType) {
 
     Voxel voxel = voxelReg.materials[voxelType - 1u];
     faces[faceOffset + localFace] = packFace(uvec3(voxelPos), faceIndex, voxel);
-
-    atomicAdd(drawCmds[indirectCommandIndex].vertexCount, VERTICES_PER_FACE);
 }
 
 void main() {

resources/EngineResources/VoxelComputeShaders/resetVoxelDrawShared.glsl

@@ -2,19 +2,8 @@
 
 layout(local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
 
-struct DrawCommand {
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Counters {
-    uint vertexCount;
+    uint faceCount[];
-    uint instanceCount;
-    uint firstVertex;
-    uint firstInstance;
-};
-
-layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer DrawCommands {
-    DrawCommand drawCmds[];
-};
-
-layout(std430, binding = 1) buffer Counters {
-    uint faceCount;
 } counters;
 
 layout(push_constant) uniform ChunkInfo {
@@ -22,17 +11,11 @@ layout(push_constant) uniform ChunkInfo {
     int slot;
     uint faceOffset;
     uint voxelTypeCount;
-    uint indirectCommandIndex;
     uint biomeCount;
     uint structureCount;
     uint worldSeed;
 };
 
 void main() {
-    drawCmds[indirectCommandIndex].vertexCount = 0u;
+    counters.faceCount[slot] = 0u;
-    drawCmds[indirectCommandIndex].instanceCount = 1u;
-    drawCmds[indirectCommandIndex].firstVertex = faceOffset * 6u;
-    drawCmds[indirectCommandIndex].firstInstance = 0u;
-
-    counters.faceCount = 0u;
 }

resources/EngineResources/VoxelComputeShaders/voxelGenerationShared.glsl

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 layout(local_size_x = 4, local_size_y = 4, local_size_z = 4) in;
 
 const int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
-const int CHUNK_AREA = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE;
+const int SCRATCH_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
+const int SCRATCH_AREA = SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE;
+const int SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT = SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE;
 const int STRUCTURE_CELL_SIZE = 16;
 const int REPLACE_AIR_ONLY = 1;
 const int REPLACE_FOLIAGE = 2;
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ layout(push_constant) uniform ChunkInfo {
     int slot;
     uint faceOffset;
     uint voxelTypeCount;
-    uint indirectCommandIndex;
     uint biomeCount;
     uint structureCount;
     uint worldSeed;
@@ -453,8 +454,9 @@ StructureVoxelResult getStructureVoxelAt(ivec3 worldPos, uint biome) {
         ivec3 baseCell = getStructureCell3D(worldPos, spacing);
 
         for (int ox = -1; ox <= 1; ox++) {
+            for (int oy = -1; oy <= 1; oy++) {
                 for (int oz = -1; oz <= 1; oz++) {
-                ivec3 cell = baseCell + ivec3(ox, 0, oz);
+                    ivec3 cell = baseCell + ivec3(ox, oy, oz);
 
                     uint seed = hash31(cell + ivec3(0, int(structureId) * 97, 0)) ^ worldSeed;
 
@@ -464,8 +466,15 @@ StructureVoxelResult getStructureVoxelAt(ivec3 worldPos, uint biome) {
 
                     ivec2 anchorXZ = getStructureAnchorXZ(cell.xz, seed, s.spawnSpacing);
 
+                    // Match getStructureBlock's uncentered footprint before sampling terrain.
+                    ivec2 localXZ = worldPos.xz - anchorXZ;
+                    if (localXZ.x < 0 || localXZ.x >= int(s.sizeX) ||
+                        localXZ.y < 0 || localXZ.y >= int(s.sizeZ)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
                     int referenceY = cell.y * 75;
-                float anchorHeight = getSurfaceHeight(anchorXZ.x, anchorXZ.y, referenceY);
+                    float anchorHeight = getSurfaceHeight(int(anchorXZ.x - s.sizeX/2), int(anchorXZ.y - s.sizeZ/2), referenceY);
                     int anchorY = int(floor(anchorHeight)) + 1;
 
                     ivec3 origin = ivec3(anchorXZ.x, anchorY, anchorXZ.y);
@@ -486,15 +495,19 @@ StructureVoxelResult getStructureVoxelAt(ivec3 worldPos, uint biome) {
                 }
             }
         }
+    }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 void main() {
-    ivec3 localPos = ivec3(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xyz);
+    if (any(greaterThanEqual(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xyz, uvec3(SCRATCH_SIZE)))) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ivec3 localPos = ivec3(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xyz) - ivec3(1);
     ivec3 worldPos = chunkPos * CHUNK_SIZE + localPos;
 
-    uint biome = GetBiome(vec3(worldPos.z, worldPos.y, worldPos.x) * 0.05, biomeCount);
+    uint biome = GetBiome(vec3(worldPos.z, worldPos.y, worldPos.x) * 0.005, biomeCount);
     Biome currentBiome = BiomeReg.biomes[biome];
 
     float YZone = floor(worldPos.y/150.0)*150.0;
@@ -577,6 +590,7 @@ void main() {
         }
     }
 
-    uint index = uint((localPos.x * CHUNK_AREA) + (localPos.y * CHUNK_SIZE) + localPos.z);
+    uint index = uint(slot * SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT + (localPos.x + 1) * SCRATCH_AREA +
+                      (localPos.y + 1) * SCRATCH_SIZE + localPos.z + 1);
     voxels[index] = voxelType;
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/bloom_extract_frag.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 inTextCoord;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 outBloomColour;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D inputTexture;
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform PassConfig {
+    int horizontal;
+    float GAMMA_CONST;
+    float Exposure;
+    float blur_radius;
+    vec2 bloomSize;
+} config;
+
+vec3 extractBloom(vec2 uv) {
+    vec3 color = max(texture(inputTexture, uv).rgb, vec3(0.0));
+    float brightness = dot(color, vec3(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722));
+    float contribution = max(brightness - 1.0, 0.0);
+    return color * (contribution / (contribution + 0.5));
+}
+
+void main() {
+    vec2 offset = 0.25 / config.bloomSize;
+    vec3 bloom = extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2(-offset.x, -offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2( offset.x, -offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2(-offset.x,  offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2( offset.x,  offset.y));
+    outBloomColour = vec4(bloom * 0.25, 1.0);
+}

resources/EngineResources/shaders/bloom_pass_frag.glsl

@@ -1,61 +1,30 @@
 #version 450
+
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
-
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 TexCoords;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D bloomImage;
 
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D image;
+layout(push_constant) uniform PassConfig {
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D bloomImage;
-layout(set = 1 , binding = 0) uniform PassConfig{
-    int ApplyToFinalImage;
     int horizontal;
     float GAMMA_CONST;
     float Exposure;
     float blur_radius;
-    vec3 padding;
+    vec2 bloomSize;
 } config;
 
+const float weight[5] = float[](0.227027, 0.1945946, 0.1216216, 0.054054, 0.016216);
 
-
+vec3 safeBloomSample(vec2 uv) {
-const float weight[5] = float[] (0.227027, 0.1945946, 0.1216216, 0.054054, 0.016216);
+    return max(texture(bloomImage, uv).rgb, vec3(0.0));
-
-vec3 safeBloomSample(vec2 uv)
-{
-    vec3 value = texture(bloomImage, uv).rgb;
-    return clamp(value, vec3(0.0), vec3(8.0));
 }
 
-void main()
+void main() {
-{
+    vec2 tex_offset = config.blur_radius / vec2(textureSize(bloomImage, 0));
-    if(config.ApplyToFinalImage != 0){
+    vec2 direction = config.horizontal != 0 ? vec2(tex_offset.x, 0.0) : vec2(0.0, tex_offset.y);
-        vec3 bloomColour = safeBloomSample(TexCoords);
-        vec3 hdrColour = texture(image, TexCoords).rgb;
-        hdrColour += bloomColour;
-        vec3 result = vec3(1.0) - exp(-hdrColour * config.Exposure);
-        result = pow(result, vec3(1.0 / config.GAMMA_CONST));
-        FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    float blurRadius = config.blur_radius;
-    vec2 tex_offset = blurRadius / vec2(textureSize(bloomImage, 0));
     vec3 result = safeBloomSample(TexCoords) * weight[0];
-
+    for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
-    if(config.horizontal != 0)
+        result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords + direction * i) * weight[i];
-    {
+        result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords - direction * i) * weight[i];
-        for(int i = 1; i < 5; ++i)
-        {
-            result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords + vec2(tex_offset.x * i, 0.0)) * weight[i];
-            result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords - vec2(tex_offset.x * i, 0.0)) * weight[i];
     }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        for(int i = 1; i < 5; ++i)
-        {
-            result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords + vec2(0.0, tex_offset.y * i)) * weight[i];
-            result += safeBloomSample(TexCoords - vec2(0.0, tex_offset.y * i)) * weight[i];
-        }
-    }
-
     FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/lighting_with_shadows_frag.glsl

@@ -68,9 +68,12 @@ float chebyshevUpperBound(vec2 moments, float t) {
     return p_max;
 }
 
-float calcVisibility(vec4 worldPosition, uint cascadeIndex, float ShadowBias, vec2 texelSize) {
+float calcVisibility(vec4 worldPosition, uint cascadeIndex, vec2 texelSize) {
     vec4 shadowMapPosition = shadows.cascadeshadows[cascadeIndex].projViewMatrix * worldPosition;
 
+    if (!(shadowMapPosition.w > 0.0) || any(isnan(shadowMapPosition)) || any(isinf(shadowMapPosition))) {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
     shadowMapPosition.xyz /= shadowMapPosition.w;
 
     vec2 uv = vec2(
@@ -82,17 +85,27 @@ float calcVisibility(vec4 worldPosition, uint cascadeIndex, float ShadowBias, ve
 
     if (uv.x < 0.0 || uv.x > 1.0 ||
     uv.y < 0.0 || uv.y > 1.0 ||
-    depth < ShadowBias || depth > 1.0) {
+    depth < 0.0 || depth > 1.0) {
         return 1.0;
     }
 
     float shadow = 0.0;
 
+//    vec2 moments = texture(shadowSampler, vec3((uv), cascadeIndex)).rg;
+//    float visibility = chebyshevUpperBound(moments, depth);
+//    shadow +=  visibility;
+
     for(int x = -1; x <= 1; ++x)
     {
         for(int y = -1; y <= 1; ++y)
         {
-            vec2 moments = texture(shadowSampler, vec3((uv + vec2(x, y) * texelSize), cascadeIndex)).rg;
+            vec2 sampleUV = uv + vec2(x, y) * texelSize;
+            if (any(lessThan(sampleUV, vec2(0.0))) || any(greaterThan(sampleUV, vec2(1.0)))) {
+                shadow += 1.0;
+                continue;
+            }
+            sampleUV = clamp(sampleUV, texelSize * 0.5, vec2(1.0) - texelSize * 0.5);
+            vec2 moments = texture(shadowSampler, vec3(sampleUV, cascadeIndex)).rg;
             float visibility = chebyshevUpperBound(moments, depth);
             shadow +=  visibility;
         }
@@ -212,8 +225,6 @@ void main() {
 //    outFragColor = vec4(emissive,1);
 //    return;
 
-    float ShadowBias = 0.05f;
-
     float opacityf = Opacity.x + Opacity.y + Opacity.z;
     opacityf = opacityf/3.0;
 
@@ -228,17 +239,20 @@ void main() {
     vec3 F0 = vec3(0.04);
     F0 = mix(F0, albedo, metallic);
 
-    uint cascadeIndex = 0;
+    uint cascadeIndex = SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT;
-    vec4 viewPos = sceneInfo.viewMatrix * worldPosW;
+    vec4 viewPos = sceneInfo.viewMatrix * vec4(worldPos, 1.0);
+    float lastSplit = shadows.cascadeshadows[SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT - 1].splitDistance.x;
+    float shadow = 1.0;
+    if (lastSplit < 0.0 && viewPos.z < 0.0 && viewPos.z >= lastSplit) {
+        cascadeIndex = 0;
         for (uint i = 0; i < SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT - 1; ++i) {
             if (viewPos.z < shadows.cascadeshadows[i].splitDistance.x) {
                 cascadeIndex = i + 1;
             }
         }
-
         vec2 texelSizeShadow = 1.0 / textureSize(shadowSampler, 0).rg;
-
+        shadow = calcVisibility(vec4(worldPos, 1), cascadeIndex, texelSizeShadow);
-    float shadow = calcVisibility(vec4(worldPos, 1), cascadeIndex,ShadowBias, texelSizeShadow);
+    }
 
     vec3 Lo = vec3(0.0);
     for (uint i = 0; i < sceneInfo.numLights; i++) {
@@ -254,7 +268,7 @@ void main() {
     outFragColor = vec4(Lo + ambient, 1.0f);
     outFragColor = vec4(outFragColor.xyz/2 + (outFragColor.xyz/2) *  vec3(ssao,ssao,ssao),1);
 
-    if (DEBUG_SHADOWS == 1) {
+    if (DEBUG_SHADOWS == 1 && cascadeIndex < SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT) {
         switch (cascadeIndex) {
             case 0:
                 outFragColor.rgb *= vec3(1.0f, 0.25f, 0.25f);

resources/EngineResources/shaders/multi-sampled_bloom_extract_frag.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 inTextCoord;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 outBloomColour;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2DMS inputTexture;
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform PassConfig {
+    int horizontal;
+    float GAMMA_CONST;
+    float Exposure;
+    float blur_radius;
+    vec2 bloomSize;
+} config;
+
+vec3 extractBloom(vec2 uv) {
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(inputTexture);
+    ivec2 pixel = clamp(ivec2(uv * vec2(size)), ivec2(0), size - 1);
+    int samples = textureSamples(inputTexture);
+    vec3 color = vec3(0.0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < samples; i++) color += texelFetch(inputTexture, pixel, i).rgb;
+    color = max(color / float(samples), vec3(0.0));
+    float brightness = dot(color, vec3(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722));
+    float contribution = max(brightness - 1.0, 0.0);
+    return color * (contribution / (contribution + 0.5));
+}
+
+void main() {
+    vec2 offset = 0.25 / config.bloomSize;
+    vec3 bloom = extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2(-offset.x, -offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2( offset.x, -offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2(-offset.x,  offset.y))
+               + extractBloom(inTextCoord + vec2( offset.x,  offset.y));
+    outBloomColour = vec4(bloom * 0.25, 1.0);
+}

resources/EngineResources/shaders/multi-sampled_post_process_frag.glsl

@@ -1,72 +1,42 @@
 #version 450
 
-layout(constant_id = 0) const int USE_AA = 0;
-
-const float GAMMA_CONST = 0.4545;
-const float SPAN_MAX = 8.0;
-const float REDUCE_MIN = 1.0/128.0;
-const float REDUCE_MUL = 1.0/32.0;
-
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 inTextCoord;
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 outFragColor;
-layout(location = 1) out vec4 outBloomColour;
-
 layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2DMS inputTexture;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D bloomImage;
 
-layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform ScreenSize{
+layout(push_constant) uniform PassConfig {
-    vec2 size;
+    int horizontal;
-} screenSize;
+    float GAMMA_CONST;
+    float Exposure;
+    float blur_radius;
+    vec2 bloomSize;
+} config;
 
-vec4 gamma(vec4 color){
+vec4 msaa(int sampleCount, sampler2DMS textureIn, vec2 TextCoord) {
-    return color = vec4(pow(color.rgb,vec3(GAMMA_CONST)),color.a);
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(textureIn);
-}
+    ivec2 pixelCoords = clamp(ivec2(TextCoord * vec2(size)), ivec2(0), size - 1);
-vec3 HDR(float Gamma, float Exposure, sampler2D Texture, vec2 TexCoords){
-    vec3 hdrColor = texture(Texture, TexCoords).rgb;
-    vec3 mapped = vec3(1.0) - exp(-hdrColor * Exposure);
-    mapped = pow(mapped, vec3(1.0 / Gamma));
-    return mapped;
-}
-vec4 msaa(int sampleCount, sampler2DMS textureIn,vec2 TextCoord){
-    ivec2 pixelCoords = ivec2(TextCoord * textureSize(textureIn));
     vec4 colorSum = vec4(0.0);
-
+    for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++) colorSum += texelFetch(textureIn, pixelCoords, i);
-    for(int i = 0; i < sampleCount; ++i) {
-        vec4 sampleColor = texelFetch(textureIn, pixelCoords, i);
-        colorSum += sampleColor;
-    }
     return colorSum / float(sampleCount);
 }
 
-void main(){
+vec3 bloomAt(ivec2 pixel, ivec2 size) {
-    ivec2 pixelCoords = ivec2(inTextCoord * textureSize(inputTexture));
+    return texelFetch(bloomImage, clamp(pixel, ivec2(0), size - 1), 0).rgb;
-
+}
-    outFragColor = texelFetch(inputTexture, pixelCoords, 0);
+
-
+vec3 upsampleBloom(vec2 uv) {
-    if(USE_AA == 0){
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(bloomImage, 0);
-        outFragColor = texelFetch(inputTexture,pixelCoords,0);
+    vec2 pixel = uv * vec2(size) - 0.5;
-    }
+    ivec2 base = ivec2(floor(pixel));
-    if(USE_AA == 1){
+    vec2 blend = fract(pixel);
-        outFragColor = texelFetch(inputTexture,pixelCoords,0);
+    return mix(mix(bloomAt(base, size), bloomAt(base + ivec2(1, 0), size), blend.x),
-    }
+               mix(bloomAt(base + ivec2(0, 1), size), bloomAt(base + ivec2(1, 1), size), blend.x), blend.y);
-    if(USE_AA == 2){
+}
-        outFragColor = msaa(2,inputTexture,inTextCoord);
+
-    }
+void main() {
-    if(USE_AA == 3){
+    vec4 sceneColor = msaa(textureSamples(inputTexture), inputTexture, inTextCoord);
-        outFragColor = msaa(4,inputTexture,inTextCoord);
+    vec3 hdrColour = max(sceneColor.rgb + upsampleBloom(inTextCoord), vec3(0.0));
-    }
+    vec3 result = vec3(1.0) - exp(-hdrColour * config.Exposure);
-    if(USE_AA == 4){
+    outFragColor = vec4(pow(result, vec3(1.0 / config.GAMMA_CONST)), sceneColor.a);
-        outFragColor = msaa(8,inputTexture,inTextCoord);
-    }
-
-    vec3 color = outFragColor.rgb;
-
-    float brightness = dot(color, vec3(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722));
-
-    float threshold = 1.0;
-    float softKnee = 0.5;
-
-    float contribution = max(brightness - threshold, 0.0);
-    contribution = contribution / max(contribution + softKnee, 0.0001);
-
-    outBloomColour = vec4(color * contribution, 1.0);
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/packed_scene_vertex.glsl

@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ void main() {
 
     vec3 localPos = vec3(voxelX, voxelY, voxelZ) + FACE_CORNERS[faceId][cornerIndex];
     vec3 Offset = vec3(0,0,0);
+    if (gl_InstanceIndex != 0) {
+        uint encoded = uint(gl_InstanceIndex);
+        Offset = vec3(int(encoded & 1023u) - 512, int((encoded >> 10u) & 1023u) - 512,
+                      int((encoded >> 20u) & 1023u) - 512) * 16.0;
+    }
     vec3 worldPos = localPos + Offset + push_constants.ModelOffset.xyz * 16.0;
 
     vec4 worldPosVec4 = vec4(worldPos, 1.0);

resources/EngineResources/shaders/post_process_frag.glsl

@@ -2,36 +2,27 @@
 
 layout(constant_id = 0) const int USE_AA = 0;
 
-const float GAMMA_CONST = 0.4545;
-const float Exposure = 2.0;
 const float SPAN_MAX = 8.0;
 const float REDUCE_MIN = 1.0/128.0;
 const float REDUCE_MUL = 1.0/32.0;
 
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 inTextCoord;
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 outFragColor;
-layout(location = 1) out vec4 outBloomColour;
 
 layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D inputTexture;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D bloomImage;
 
-layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform ScreenSize{
+layout(push_constant) uniform PassConfig {
-    vec2 size;
+    int horizontal;
-} screenSize;
+    float GAMMA_CONST;
-
+    float Exposure;
-vec4 gamma(vec4 color){
+    float blur_radius;
-    return color = vec4(pow(color.rgb,vec3(GAMMA_CONST)),color.a);
+    vec2 bloomSize;
-}
+} config;
-
-vec3 HDR(float Gamma, float Exposure, sampler2D Texture, vec2 TexCoords){
-    vec3 hdrColor = texture(Texture, TexCoords).rgb;
-    vec3 mapped = vec3(1.0) - exp(-hdrColor * Exposure);
-    mapped = pow(mapped, vec3(1.0 / Gamma));
-    return mapped;
-}
 
 // Sourced from: https://mini.gmshaders.com/p/gm-shaders-mini-fxaa
 vec4 fxaa(sampler2D tex, vec2 uv) {
-    vec2 u_texel = 1.0 / screenSize.size;
+    vec2 u_texel = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(inputTexture, 0));
 
     //Sample center and 4 corners
     vec3 rgbCC = texture(tex, uv).rgb;
@@ -79,36 +70,22 @@ vec4 fxaa(sampler2D tex, vec2 uv) {
     return ((lumaB < lumaMin) || (lumaB > lumaMax)) ? A : B;
 }
 
-void main(){
+vec3 bloomAt(ivec2 pixel, ivec2 size) {
-
+    return texelFetch(bloomImage, clamp(pixel, ivec2(0), size - 1), 0).rgb;
-    if(USE_AA == 1){
+}
-        outFragColor = fxaa(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
+
-    }
+vec3 upsampleBloom(vec2 uv) {
-    else if(USE_AA == 2){
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(bloomImage, 0);
-
+    vec2 pixel = uv * vec2(size) - 0.5;
-        outFragColor = texture(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
+    ivec2 base = ivec2(floor(pixel));
-    }
+    vec2 blend = fract(pixel);
-    else if(USE_AA == 3){
+    return mix(mix(bloomAt(base, size), bloomAt(base + ivec2(1, 0), size), blend.x),
-
+               mix(bloomAt(base + ivec2(0, 1), size), bloomAt(base + ivec2(1, 1), size), blend.x), blend.y);
-        outFragColor = texture(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
+}
-    }
+
-    else if(USE_AA == 4){
+void main(){
-
+    vec4 sceneColor = USE_AA == 1 ? fxaa(inputTexture, inTextCoord) : texture(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
-        outFragColor = texture(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
+    vec3 hdrColour = max(sceneColor.rgb + upsampleBloom(inTextCoord), vec3(0.0));
-    }
+    vec3 result = vec3(1.0) - exp(-hdrColour * config.Exposure);
-    else {
+    outFragColor = vec4(pow(result, vec3(1.0 / config.GAMMA_CONST)), sceneColor.a);
-        outFragColor = texture(inputTexture, inTextCoord);
-    }
-
-    vec3 color = outFragColor.rgb;
-
-    float brightness = dot(color, vec3(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722));
-
-    float threshold = 1.0;
-    float softKnee = 0.5;
-
-    float contribution = max(brightness - threshold, 0.0);
-    contribution = contribution / max(contribution + softKnee, 0.0001);
-
-    outBloomColour = vec4(color * contribution, 1.0);
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/screen_space_reflection_frag.glsl

@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ layout(set = 0, binding = 3) uniform sampler2D pbrSampler;
 
 layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform CameraProperties {
     mat4 projection;
-    mat4 invProjection;
     mat4 view;
-    mat4 invView;
     float ssrStepSize;
     float ssrMaxDistance;
     int maxSteps;
@@ -30,13 +28,12 @@ float edgeFade(vec2 uv) {
 }
 
 void main() {
-    vec4 sceneColor = texture(albedoSampler, fragTexCoord);
+    outColor = vec4(0.0);
     vec4 posSample = texture(worldPosSampler, fragTexCoord);
     vec4 normalSample = texture(normalSampler, fragTexCoord);
     vec4 pbrSample = texture(pbrSampler, fragTexCoord);
 
     if (posSample.a == 0.0 || length(posSample.xyz) == 0.0 || length(normalSample.xyz) < 0.001) {
-        outColor = sceneColor;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -54,11 +51,10 @@ void main() {
 
     float materialReflection = reflectiveness + (refractiveness - 1.05);
     materialReflection *= mix(0.75, 1.0, metallic);
-    materialReflection *= smoothstep(0.7, 0.05, roughness);
+    materialReflection *= 1.0 - smoothstep(0.05, 0.7, roughness);
     materialReflection *= mix(0.45, 1.0, fresnel);
 
     if (materialReflection <= MIN_REFLECTION) {
-        outColor = sceneColor;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -66,7 +62,6 @@ void main() {
     vec3 reflectDir = normalize(reflect(viewDir, worldNormal));
 
     if (dot(reflectDir, worldNormal) <= 0.0) {
-        outColor = sceneColor;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +110,6 @@ void main() {
     }
 
     if (!hitFound) {
-        outColor = sceneColor;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -124,5 +118,5 @@ void main() {
     float fade = edgeFade(hitUV);
     float weight = clamp(materialReflection * fade, 0.0, 0.85);
 
-    outColor = vec4(mix(sceneColor.rgb, reflectedColor, weight), sceneColor.a);
+    outColor = vec4(reflectedColor * weight, weight);
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/shadow_frag.glsl

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void main()
     } else {
         albedo = material.diffuseColor;
     }
-    if (albedo.a < 0.5 || Translucency > 0.5 || Opacity < 0.5) {
+    if (albedo.a < 0.5 || Translucency > 0.95 || Opacity < 0.5) {
         discard;
     }
 
@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@ void main()
     float dy = dFdy(depth);
     moment2 += 0.25 * (dx * dx + dy * dy);
 
-    outFragColor = vec2(moment1, moment2);
+    outFragColor = vec2(moment1, moment2) * (1 - Translucency);
 }

resources/EngineResources/shaders/shadow_vertex_packed.glsl

@@ -80,59 +80,11 @@ const vec3 FACE_CORNERS[8][4] = vec3[8][4](
         vec3[4](vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0), vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0), vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0))  // Face 7 (cross model pane 2)
 );
 
-vec3 buildFaceCornerPosition(uvec3 voxelPos, uint faceId, uint cornerIndex) {
-    vec3 p = vec3(voxelPos);
-
-    if (faceId == 0u) {
-        if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-    }
-
-    if (faceId == 1u) {
-        if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-        return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    }
-
-    if (faceId == 2u) {
-        if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    }
-
-    if (faceId == 3u) {
-        if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-    }
-
-    if (faceId == 4u) {
-        if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-        if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-    }
-
-    if (cornerIndex == 0u) return p + vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    if (cornerIndex == 1u) return p + vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-    if (cornerIndex == 2u) return p + vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
-    return p + vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-}
-
 void main() {
     uint faceRecordIndex = uint(gl_VertexIndex) / 6u;
     uint triangleVertex = (uint(gl_VertexIndex))% 6u;
     uint cornerIndex = TRI_TO_CORNER[triangleVertex];
 
-    //uint faceRecordIndex = uint(gl_VertexIndex) / 6u;
-    //uint triangleVertex = uint(gl_VertexIndex) % 6u;
-    //uint cornerIndex = TRI_TO_CORNER[triangleVertex];
-
     uint packedFace = faces[faceRecordIndex];
 
     uint voxelX =  packedFace & 0xFu;
@@ -143,14 +95,6 @@ void main() {
     uint texIdxX = (packedFace >> 26u) & 0x7u;
     uint texIdxY = (packedFace >> 29u) & 0x7u;
 
-    //     (voxelPos.x & 0xFu) |
-    //    ((voxelPos.y & 0xFu) << 4u) |
-    //    ((voxelPos.z & 0xFu) << 8u) |
-    //    ((faceIndex & 0x7u) << 12u) |
-    //    ((materialId & 0x7FFu) << 15u) |
-    //    ((textureIndexX & 0x7u) << 26u) |
-    //    ((textureIndexY & 0x7u) << 29u);
-
     vec2 texID = vec2((texIdxX)/4.0,(texIdxY)/4.0);
     vec2 scalar = vec2(1.0/4.0,1.0/4.0);
 
@@ -158,6 +102,11 @@ void main() {
 
     vec3 localPos = vec3(voxelX, voxelY, voxelZ) + FACE_CORNERS[faceId][cornerIndex];
     vec3 worldPos = localPos + push_constants.ModelOffset.xyz * 16.0;
+    if (gl_InstanceIndex != 0) {
+        uint encoded = uint(gl_InstanceIndex);
+        worldPos += vec3(int(encoded & 1023u) - 512, int((encoded >> 10u) & 1023u) - 512,
+                         int((encoded >> 20u) & 1023u) - 512) * 16.0;
+    }
 
     outTextCoord = CORNER_UVS_GRASS_BLOCK[faceId][cornerIndex] * scalar + texID;
     outMaterialIdx = matId;

resources/EngineResources/shaders/ssao_blur_frag.glsl

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D ssaoSampler;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D viewPosSampler;
 
 void main() {
-    vec2 texelSize = 2.0 / vec2(textureSize(ssaoSampler, 0));
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(ssaoSampler, 0));
 
     float centerAO = texture(ssaoSampler, inTextCoord).r;
     float centerDepth = texture(viewPosSampler, inTextCoord).z;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ void main() {
     float totalAO = centerAO;
     float totalWeight = 1.0;
 
-    float weights[4] = float[](0.227027, 0.1216216, 0.054054, 0.016216);
+    float weights[4] = float[](0.1216216, 0.1945946, 0.1945946, 0.1216216);
     int offsets[4]   = int[](-2, -1, 1, 2);
     const float Sharpness = 20.0;
 

resources/EngineResources/shaders/ssao_frag.glsl

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 inTextCoord;
 layout(location = 0) out float outAO;
-layout(location = 1) out vec4 viewPos;
 
 layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D posSampler;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D normalSampler;
@@ -19,65 +18,52 @@ layout(set = 2, binding = 0) uniform SSAOInfo {
     float radius; //140
     float bias; //144
     int kernelSize; //148
-    float ResolutionScale; //152;
-    vec2 Padding; //160;
 } ssao;
 
 void main() {
-
+    int KERNEL_SIZE = clamp(ssao.kernelSize, 1, 64);
-    vec2 ScreenSize = ssao.screenSize * ssao.ResolutionScale;
-
-    int KERNEL_SIZE = ssao.kernelSize;
     vec3 fragPos = texture(posSampler, inTextCoord).xyz;
-    vec3 worldNorm = normalize(texture(normalSampler, inTextCoord).xyz);
+    vec3 worldNorm = texture(normalSampler, inTextCoord).xyz;
 
-    if (dot(worldNorm, worldNorm) < 0.001) {
+    if (dot(worldNorm, worldNorm) < 0.001 || fragPos.z >= 0.0) {
         outAO = 1.0;
         return;
     }
 
     vec3 normal = normalize(mat3(ssao.view) *  worldNorm);
 
-    viewPos = vec4(fragPos, 1);
+    vec3 randomVec = texelFetch(noiseSampler, ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy) % 4, 0).xyz;
-
+    vec3 tangent = randomVec - normal * dot(randomVec, normal);
-    vec2 noiseScale = ScreenSize / 4.0;
+    if (dot(tangent, tangent) < 0.0001) {
-    vec3 randomVec = texture(noiseSampler, inTextCoord * noiseScale).xyz;
+        tangent = cross(normal, abs(normal.z) < 0.9 ? vec3(0, 0, 1) : vec3(0, 1, 0));
-    vec3 tangent = normalize(randomVec - normal * dot(randomVec, normal));
+    }
+    tangent = normalize(tangent);
     vec3 bitangent = cross(normal, tangent);
     mat3 TBN = mat3(tangent, bitangent, normal);
     float fragDepth = -fragPos.z;
 
-    float minOptimalDistance = 15;
-    float maxKernelSize = float(ssao.kernelSize);
-
-    // Calculate a dynamic loop limit based on proximity
-    // If closer than 1.5 units, smoothly scale down the loop count
-    int dynamicKernelSize = int(KERNEL_SIZE);
-    if (fragDepth < minOptimalDistance) {
-        float proximityFactor = clamp(fragDepth / minOptimalDistance, 0.2, 1.0);
-        dynamicKernelSize = int(maxKernelSize * proximityFactor);
-    }
-
-    // Force a hard minimum baseline of samples so SSAO doesn't completely disappear
-    dynamicKernelSize = max(dynamicKernelSize, 16);
-
     float occlusion = 0.0;
 
     float Passes = 0.0f;
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < dynamicKernelSize; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < KERNEL_SIZE; i++) {
-        vec3 samplePos = fragPos + (TBN * kernel.samples[i].xyz) * ssao.radius;
+        // Cover the complete radius distribution, even with a smaller sample budget.
+        int sampleIndex = i * 64 / KERNEL_SIZE;
+        vec3 samplePos = fragPos + (TBN * kernel.samples[sampleIndex].xyz) * ssao.radius;
         vec4 offset = ssao.projection * vec4(samplePos, 1.0);
+        if (offset.w <= 0.0) continue;
         offset.xyz /= offset.w;
         offset.xyz = offset.xyz * 0.5 + 0.5;
-        vec2 sampleUV = clamp(vec2(offset.x, 1.0 - offset.y), 0.0, 1.0);
+        vec2 sampleUV = vec2(offset.x, 1.0 - offset.y);
+        if (any(lessThan(sampleUV, vec2(0))) || any(greaterThan(sampleUV, vec2(1)))) continue;
         vec3 sampleViewPos = texture(posSampler, sampleUV).xyz;
+        if (sampleViewPos.z >= 0.0) continue;
         float sampleDepth = -sampleViewPos.z;
         float depthDelta = abs(fragDepth - sampleDepth);
         if (depthDelta > ssao.radius * 2.0) {
             continue;
         }
-        float rangeCheck = smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, ssao.radius / depthDelta);
+        float rangeCheck = smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, ssao.radius / max(depthDelta, 0.0001));
         float isOccluded = step(samplePos.z + ssao.bias, sampleViewPos.z);
         occlusion += isOccluded * rangeCheck;
         Passes += 1.0;

resources/EngineResources/shaders/ssr_composite_frag.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
+
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D sceneSampler;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D reflectionSampler;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 2) uniform sampler2D pbrSampler;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 3) uniform sampler2D normalSampler;
+
+vec4 reflectionAt(ivec2 pixel, ivec2 size) {
+    return texelFetch(reflectionSampler, clamp(pixel, ivec2(0), size - 1), 0);
+}
+
+void main() {
+    vec4 sceneColor = texture(sceneSampler, fragTexCoord);
+    vec4 pbr = texture(pbrSampler, fragTexCoord);
+    vec4 normal = texture(normalSampler, fragTexCoord);
+    float materialReflection = (pbr.a + normal.a - 1.05) * (1.0 - smoothstep(0.05, 0.7, pbr.g));
+    if (dot(normal.xyz, normal.xyz) < 0.001 || materialReflection <= 0.01) {
+        outColor = sceneColor;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // The shared sampler is nearest-filtered. Upsample only premultiplied reflections.
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(reflectionSampler, 0);
+    vec2 pixel = fragTexCoord * vec2(size) - 0.5;
+    ivec2 base = ivec2(floor(pixel));
+    vec2 blend = fract(pixel);
+    vec4 reflection = mix(
+        mix(reflectionAt(base, size), reflectionAt(base + ivec2(1, 0), size), blend.x),
+        mix(reflectionAt(base + ivec2(0, 1), size), reflectionAt(base + ivec2(1, 1), size), blend.x), blend.y);
+    outColor = vec4(sceneColor.rgb * (1.0 - reflection.a) + reflection.rgb, sceneColor.a);
+}

resources/ProgramResources/ServerCache/UUIDs.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/Display/VulkanRenderer.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.EngineInstance;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.InitData;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.SkyBox;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Profiling.VulkanFrameTimings;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration.Biome;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration.Voxel;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration.VoxelChunkGenerator;
@@ -56,9 +57,11 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
     private final CommandPool[] CommandPools;
     private final Fence[] Fences;
     private final Queue.GraphicsQueue GraphicsQueue;
+    private final VulkanFrameTimings gpuTimings;
+    public VulkanFrameTimings GetGpuTimings(){return gpuTimings;}
     private final Semaphore[] PresentCompleteSemaphores;
     private final Queue.PresentQueue PresentQueue;
-    private final Semaphore[] RenderCompleteSemaphores;
+    private Semaphore[] RenderCompleteSemaphores;
     private final SceneRenderer sceneRender;
     private final AmbientOcclusionRenderer ssaoRenderer;
     private final ReflectionsRenderer ssrRender;
@@ -104,6 +107,7 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
         RendererContext = new VulkanContext(engineInstance.window());
         CurrentFrame = 0;
         GraphicsQueue = new Queue.GraphicsQueue(RendererContext, 0);
+        gpuTimings = new VulkanFrameTimings(RendererContext, GraphicsQueue.GetQueueFamilyIndex());
         PresentQueue = new Queue.PresentQueue(RendererContext, 0);
         CommandPools= new CommandPool[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
         CommandBuffers= new CommandBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
@@ -390,9 +394,11 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
     private void RecordingStart(CommandPool commandPool, CommandBuffer commandBuffer){
         commandPool.Reset(RendererContext);
         commandBuffer.BeginRecording();
+        gpuTimings.begin(RendererContext, commandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame);
     }
 
     private void RecordingStop(CommandBuffer commandBuffer){
+        gpuTimings.mark(commandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "UI and present copy");
         commandBuffer.EndRecording();
     }
 
@@ -401,6 +407,7 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
         Logger.debug("Waiting Vulkan Context");
 
         VoxelWorldManager.Cleanup(RendererContext);
+        gpuTimings.cleanup(RendererContext);
 
         sceneRender.cleanup(RendererContext);
         if(ssaoRenderer != null)ssaoRenderer.cleanup(RendererContext);
@@ -453,26 +460,32 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
 
         var CommandPool = CommandPools[CurrentFrame];
         var CommandBuffer = CommandBuffers[CurrentFrame];
-        RecordingStart(CommandPool, CommandBuffer);
-        VoxelWorldManager.RecordGeneration(RendererContext,CommandBuffer);
-        sceneRender.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer, modelsCache,materialsCache,CurrentFrame);
-        boolean RenderShadows = ShadowRenderer.AllowShadowRendering() && EngineConfig.getInstance().RenderShadows();
-        if(RenderShadows) {shadowRender.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, modelsCache, materialsCache, CurrentFrame); }
-        ssaoRenderer.Render(RendererContext,engineInstance, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(), CurrentFrame);
-        if(RenderShadows) {
-            lightRenderer.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(),
-                    shadowRender.getShadowAttachment(), ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment(), CurrentFrame, shadowRender.getCascadeShadows(CurrentFrame));
-        } else lightRenderer.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(),ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment(),CurrentFrame);
-        ssrRender.Render( RendererContext, engineInstance, CommandBuffer, CurrentFrame);
-        PostProcessor.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,ssrRender.GetSSRAttachment());
-        spriteRenderer.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer,PostProcessor.GetAttachment(),modelsCache,CurrentFrame);
-        GuiRender.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,CurrentFrame,PostProcessor.GetAttachment());
-
         int ImageIndex;
         if (Resize || (ImageIndex = swapChain.FetchNextImage(RendererContext.GetDevice(), PresentCompleteSemaphores[imageAcquisitionIndex])) < 0){
             resize(engineInstance);
             return;
         }
+        RecordingStart(CommandPool, CommandBuffer);
+        VoxelWorldManager.RecordGeneration(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,CurrentFrame);
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "voxel generation");
+        sceneRender.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer, modelsCache,materialsCache,CurrentFrame);
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "geometry");
+        boolean RenderShadows = ShadowRenderer.AllowShadowRendering() && EngineConfig.getInstance().RenderShadows();
+        if(RenderShadows) {shadowRender.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, modelsCache, materialsCache, CurrentFrame); }
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "shadows");
+        ssaoRenderer.Render(RendererContext,engineInstance, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(), CurrentFrame);
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "SSAO");
+        if(RenderShadows) {
+            lightRenderer.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(),
+                    shadowRender.getShadowAttachment(), ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment(), CurrentFrame, shadowRender.getCascadeShadows(CurrentFrame));
+        } else lightRenderer.render(engineInstance, RendererContext, CommandBuffer, sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments(),ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment(),CurrentFrame);
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "lighting");
+        ssrRender.Render( RendererContext, engineInstance, CommandBuffer, CurrentFrame);
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "SSR");
+        PostProcessor.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,ssrRender.GetSSRAttachment());
+        gpuTimings.mark(CommandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer(), CurrentFrame, "bloom and tone mapping");
+        spriteRenderer.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer,PostProcessor.GetAttachment(),modelsCache,CurrentFrame);
+        GuiRender.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,CurrentFrame,PostProcessor.GetAttachment());
 
         swapChainRender.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,PostProcessor.GetAttachment(),ImageIndex);
 
@@ -495,7 +508,7 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
             return;
         }
         RecordingStart(CommandPool, CommandBuffer);
-        VoxelWorldManager.RecordGeneration(RendererContext,CommandBuffer);
+        VoxelWorldManager.RecordGeneration(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,CurrentFrame);
         sceneRender.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer, modelsCache,materialsCache,CurrentFrame);
         PostProcessor.Render(RendererContext,CommandBuffer,sceneRender.GetAttachmentColour());
         spriteRenderer.Render(engineInstance,RendererContext,CommandBuffer,PostProcessor.GetAttachment(),modelsCache,CurrentFrame);
@@ -548,7 +561,7 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
 
     private void resize(EngineInstance engineInstance){
         Window window = engineInstance.window();
-        if(window.getWidth() == 0 && window.getHeight() == 0){
+        if(window.getWidth() == 0 || window.getHeight() == 0){
             return;
         }
         Resize = false;
@@ -557,6 +570,7 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
 
         Arrays.asList(RenderCompleteSemaphores).forEach(i->i.cleanup(RendererContext));
         Arrays.asList(PresentCompleteSemaphores).forEach(i->i.cleanup(RendererContext));
+        RenderCompleteSemaphores = new Semaphore[RendererContext.GetSwapChain().GetImageCount()];
         for(int i = 0; i < VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT; i++){
                 PresentCompleteSemaphores[i] = new Semaphore(RendererContext);
         }
@@ -569,13 +583,13 @@ public class VulkanRenderer implements Renderer {
         sceneRender.Resize(engineInstance,RendererContext);
         if(Deferred) {
             List<Attachment> attachments = new ArrayList<>(sceneRender.GetMRTAttachments().GetColourAttachments());
-            attachments.add(ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment());
-            attachments.add(shadowRender.getShadowAttachment());
-            lightRenderer.resize(RendererContext, attachments);
             List<Attachment> ssaoAttachments = new ArrayList<>();
             ssaoAttachments.add(attachments.get(7));
             ssaoAttachments.add(attachments.get(2));
             ssaoRenderer.resize(RendererContext, ssaoAttachments);
+            attachments.add(ssaoRenderer.getSSAOBlurAttachment());
+            attachments.add(shadowRender.getShadowAttachment());
+            lightRenderer.resize(RendererContext, attachments);
             ssaoAttachments.clear();
             ssaoAttachments.add(lightRenderer.getAttachment());
             ssaoAttachments.add(attachments.get(0));

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/Logic/EngineConfig.java

@@ -90,11 +90,24 @@ public class EngineConfig {
     public float SoundVolume = 0.0f;
     public float WeaponVolume = 0.0f;
     public float AmbientVolume = 0.0f;
-    public float MaxShadowDistance = 16384.0f;
+    public float MaxShadowDistance = 96.0f;
+    private RenderQualitySettings renderQuality = RenderQualitySettings.fromProperties(new Properties());
+
+    public float GetSSAOScale(){return renderQuality.ssaoScale();}
+    public int GetSSAOSamples(){return renderQuality.ssaoSamples();}
+    public float GetSSRScale(){return renderQuality.ssrScale();}
+    public int GetSSRMaxSteps(){return renderQuality.ssrSteps();}
+    public float GetBloomScale(){return renderQuality.bloomScale();}
+    public int GetBloomPasses(){return renderQuality.bloomPasses();}
+    public int GetVoxelChunkRadius(){return renderQuality.chunkRadius();}
+    public int GetVoxelGenerationsPerFrame(){return renderQuality.generationsPerFrame();}
+    public int GetVoxelFacePoolMiB(){return renderQuality.facePoolMiB();}
 
 
     public float MaxShadowDistance(){return MaxShadowDistance;}
-    public void MaxShadowDistance(float newDistance){ MaxShadowDistance = newDistance;}
+    public void MaxShadowDistance(float newDistance){
+        MaxShadowDistance = Float.isFinite(newDistance) ? Math.clamp(newDistance, 1.0f, 16384.0f) : 96.0f;
+    }
 
     public boolean RenderShadows = true;
 
@@ -305,6 +318,7 @@ public class EngineConfig {
             }
         }
         if(SuccessfulLoad) {
+            renderQuality = RenderQualitySettings.fromProperties(EngineConfigVar);
             IconName = (EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("Software_Icon", "ProgramIcon.png").toString());
             LoadingScreenLocation = (EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("LoadingScreenLocation", LoadingScreenLocation).toString());
             IconPath = (EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("Software_Icon_Path", "/WindowResources/Icon/").toString());
@@ -333,7 +347,7 @@ public class EngineConfig {
             FOV = (float)(DegToRad * Float.parseFloat(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("field_of_view", 60.0f).toString()));
             zNearPlane = (Float.parseFloat(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("z_near_plane", 1.0f).toString()));
             zFarPlane = (Float.parseFloat(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("z_far_plane", 100.0f).toString()));
-            MaxShadowDistance = (Float.parseFloat(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("max_shadow_distance", 16384.0f).toString()));
+            MaxShadowDistance(Float.parseFloat(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("max_shadow_distance", 96.0f).toString()));
             AAValue = (Integer.parseInt(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("anti_alias_mode", 1).toString()));
             renderer = Integer.parseInt(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("Renderer", 1).toString()) == 0 ? Renderer.Forward: Renderer.Deferred;
             ShadowMapSize = Integer.parseInt(EngineConfigVar.getOrDefault("ShadowMapSize", 2048).toString());

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/Logic/RenderQualitySettings.java

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+public record RenderQualitySettings(float ssaoScale, int ssaoSamples, float ssrScale, int ssrSteps,
+                                    float bloomScale, int bloomPasses, int chunkRadius,
+                                    int generationsPerFrame, int facePoolMiB) {
+    public static RenderQualitySettings fromProperties(Properties properties) {
+        int passes = integer(properties, "bloom_passes", 2, 0, 10);
+        return new RenderQualitySettings(
+                decimal(properties, "ssao_scale", 0.5f, 0.25f, 1),
+                integer(properties, "ssao_samples", 16, 4, 64),
+                decimal(properties, "ssr_scale", 0.5f, 0.25f, 1),
+                integer(properties, "ssr_steps", 24, 4, 128),
+                decimal(properties, "bloom_scale", 0.25f, 0.125f, 1),
+                passes + (passes & 1),
+                integer(properties, "voxel_chunk_radius", 16, 1, 32),
+                integer(properties, "voxel_generations_per_frame", 16, 16, 64),
+                integer(properties, "voxel_face_pool_mib", 256, 32, 1024));
+    }
+
+    private static int integer(Properties properties, String key, int fallback, int min, int max) {
+        try {
+            return Math.clamp(Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty(key, Integer.toString(fallback))), min, max);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) {
+            return fallback;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static float decimal(Properties properties, String key, float fallback, float min, float max) {
+        try {
+            float value = Float.parseFloat(properties.getProperty(key, Float.toString(fallback)));
+            return Float.isFinite(value) ? Math.clamp(value, min, max) : fallback;
+        } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) {
+            return fallback;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/Main/GameCore.java

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public class GameCore implements GameLogic {
 //        ModelData treeModel = ModelLoader.LoadModel("resources/models/Forest/forest.json");
 //        models.add(treeModel);
 //        Actor3D treeEntity = new Actor3D("treeEntity", treeModel.ID(), new Vector3f(0.0f, 00.0f, 0.0f));
-//        treeEntity.SetScale(0.1f);
+//        treeEntity.SetScale(10f);
 //        scene.AddActor(treeEntity);
 //        materials.addAll(ModelLoader.LoadMaterials("resources/models/Forest/forest_mat.json"));
         MelonaData  = ModelLoader.LoadModel("resources/models/cube/Cube.json");
@@ -200,19 +200,19 @@ public class GameCore implements GameLogic {
         }
 
         scene.GetLightingManager().GetAmbientLightColour().set(1.0f, 0.9f, 0.75f);
-        scene.GetLightingManager().SetAmbientLightIntensity(0.2f);
+        scene.GetLightingManager().SetAmbientLightIntensity(0.3f);
 //        scene.GetLightingManager().GetAmbientLightColour().set(0.3f, 0.35f, 0.5f);
 //        scene.GetLightingManager().SetAmbientLightIntensity(0.015f);
 
         List<ILight> lights = new ArrayList<>();
 
         //SkyLight = new Light(new Vector3f(1.5f, 1.20f, 1.0f),new Vector3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.3f), true, 4.00f);
-        SkyLight = new Light(new Vector3f(2.75f, 1.75f, 0.3f),new Vector3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f), true, 1.5f);
+        SkyLight = new Light(new Vector3f(2.25f, 1.75f, 0.5f),new Vector3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f), true, 1.5f);
 //        SkyLight = new Light(new Vector3f(0.15f, 0.80f, 1.5f),new Vector3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.3f), true, 5.00f);
         SkyLight.SetType(Light.LightType.Directional);
 
         lights.add(SkyLight);
-        lights.add(SkyLight);
+        //lights.add(SkyLight);
 //
 //        lights.add(new Light(new Vector3f(1.9f + (float)Math.random(),1.5f,1.0f),new Vector3f(-433, 445f, -424f).div(20.0f),false,3000.0f/10.0f+ (float)(Math.random() * 100.0/10.0f)));
 //        lights.add(new Light(new Vector3f(1.9f+ (float)Math.random(),1.5f,1.0f),new Vector3f(-210, 445f, 460f).div(20.0f),false,700.0f/10.0f + (float)(Math.random() * 150.0f/10.0f)));
@@ -686,12 +686,12 @@ public class GameCore implements GameLogic {
         Project3D projection = engineInstance.scene().GetProjection();
         Vector3f CamRot = cam.GetRotation();
         Vector3i ChunkPos = new Vector3i((int)Math.floor(CamPos.x/ (float) VoxelChunkGenerator.CHUNK_SIZE),(int)Math.floor(CamPos.y/ (float)VoxelChunkGenerator.CHUNK_SIZE),(int)Math.floor(CamPos.z/ (float)VoxelChunkGenerator.CHUNK_SIZE));
-        if(ChunkPos.x != VoxelWorldManager.LastPosition.x || ChunkPos.y != VoxelWorldManager.LastPosition.y || ChunkPos.z != VoxelWorldManager.LastPosition.z || CamRot.x != LastCamRotation.x || CamRot.y != LastCamRotation.y || CamRot.z != LastCamRotation.z) {
+        if (!PrimaryRuntime.IsServer && !RenderThread.Headless) {
-            VoxelWorldManager.UnloadFarChunks(ChunkPos, 16,cam.GetViewMatrix(),projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
+            int radius = EngineConfig.getInstance().GetVoxelChunkRadius();
-            VoxelWorldManager.GenerateChunks(ChunkPos, new Vector3i(16,16,16),cam.GetViewMatrix(),projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
+            if (!ChunkPos.equals(VoxelWorldManager.LastPosition)) {
-        } else {
+                VoxelWorldManager.UnloadFarChunks(ChunkPos, radius, cam.GetViewMatrix(), projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
-            VoxelWorldManager.UnloadFarChunks(ChunkPos, 96,cam.GetViewMatrix(),projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
+            }
-            VoxelWorldManager.GenerateChunks(ChunkPos, new Vector3i(48,16,48),cam.GetViewMatrix(),projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
+            VoxelWorldManager.GenerateChunks(ChunkPos, new Vector3i(radius), cam.GetViewMatrix(), projection.GetProjectionMatrix());
         }
         LastCamRotation.set(CamRot);
         if(PrimaryRuntime.IsServer){
@@ -753,6 +753,16 @@ public class GameCore implements GameLogic {
             DeviceInfo[4] = String.format("  VRAM: " + GPUProfiler.GetVramCapacity());
             Metrics.add(ISceneDetails);
             Metrics.add(DeviceInfo);
+            if (PrimaryRuntime.GetRenderThread().GetRenderer() instanceof net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Display.VulkanRenderer renderer) {
+                List<String> gpu = new ArrayList<>();
+                gpu.add("GPU TIMESTAMPS (ms, completed frame):");
+                renderer.GetGpuTimings().milliseconds().forEach((pass, time) -> gpu.add(String.format("  %s: %.3f", pass, time)));
+                gpu.add(String.format("  Chunks: %d visible / %d meshed / %d pending; %d generated/frame",
+                        VoxelWorldManager.GetVisibleLastFrame(), VoxelWorldManager.GetRenderableChunkCount(),
+                        VoxelWorldManager.GetRequestedChunkCount(), VoxelWorldManager.GetGeneratedLastFrame()));
+                gpu.add(String.format("  Packed faces: %.1f MiB", VoxelWorldManager.GetUsedFaceBytes() / (1024.0 * 1024.0)));
+                Metrics.add(gpu.toArray(String[]::new));
+            }
             SettingPerformanceMetrics.addAll(Metrics);
             SettingPerformanceMetrics.addAll(EngineConfig.getInstance().GetMemoryProfiling());
             SettingPerformanceMetrics.addAll(EngineConfig.getInstance().GetSystemProfiling());

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/Profiling/VulkanFrameTimings.java

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Profiling;
+
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkCommandBuffer;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkPhysicalDeviceProperties;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkQueryPoolCreateInfo;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
+
+public final class VulkanFrameTimings {
+    private static final int QUERY_COUNT = 16;
+    private final long[] pools = new long[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
+    private final String[][] names = new String[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT][QUERY_COUNT];
+    private final int[] counts = new int[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
+    private final float timestampPeriod;
+    private final int validBits;
+    private volatile Map<String, Double> milliseconds = Map.of();
+
+    public VulkanFrameTimings(VulkanContext context, int queueFamily) {
+        validBits = context.GetPhysicalDevice().GetQueueFamilyProperties().get(queueFamily).timestampValidBits();
+        try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+            var properties = VkPhysicalDeviceProperties.calloc(stack);
+            vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(context.GetPhysicalDevice().GetPhysicalDevice(), properties);
+            timestampPeriod = properties.limits().timestampPeriod();
+            if (validBits == 0 || timestampPeriod <= 0) return;
+            var info = VkQueryPoolCreateInfo.calloc(stack).sType$Default()
+                    .queryType(VK_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP).queryCount(QUERY_COUNT);
+            var result = stack.mallocLong(1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < pools.length; i++) {
+                VulkanUtils.vkCheck(vkCreateQueryPool(context.GetDevice().FetchVulkanDevice(), info, null, result), "Create GPU timing queries");
+                pools[i] = result.get(0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The caller has already waited on this frame slot's fence; never wait for queries here.
+    public void begin(VulkanContext context, VkCommandBuffer command, int frame) {
+        if (pools[frame] == 0) return;
+        if (counts[frame] > 1) {
+            try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+                var result = stack.mallocLong(counts[frame]);
+                int status = vkGetQueryPoolResults(context.GetDevice().FetchVulkanDevice(), pools[frame],
+                        0, counts[frame], result, Long.BYTES, VK_QUERY_RESULT_64_BIT);
+                if (status == VK_SUCCESS) {
+                    Map<String, Double> times = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+                    for (int i = 1; i < counts[frame]; i++) {
+                        times.put(names[frame][i], elapsed(result.get(i - 1), result.get(i), validBits, timestampPeriod));
+                    }
+                    times.put("total", elapsed(result.get(0), result.get(counts[frame] - 1), validBits, timestampPeriod));
+                    milliseconds = Collections.unmodifiableMap(times);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        counts[frame] = 0;
+        vkCmdResetQueryPool(command, pools[frame], 0, QUERY_COUNT);
+        mark(command, frame, "start");
+    }
+
+    public void mark(VkCommandBuffer command, int frame, String name) {
+        if (pools[frame] == 0) return;
+        int index = counts[frame]++;
+        if (index >= QUERY_COUNT) throw new IllegalStateException("Too many GPU timing markers");
+        names[frame][index] = name;
+        vkCmdWriteTimestamp2(command, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, pools[frame], index);
+    }
+
+    static double elapsed(long start, long end, int bits, float period) {
+        long delta = end - start;
+        if (bits < 64) delta &= (1L << bits) - 1;
+        return delta * (double) period / 1_000_000.0;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Double> milliseconds() {return milliseconds;}
+
+    public void cleanup(VulkanContext context) {
+        for (long pool : pools) {
+            if (pool != 0) vkDestroyQueryPool(context.GetDevice().FetchVulkanDevice(), pool, null);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/OpenGL/GlModels/GLMesh.java

@@ -37,56 +37,16 @@ public class GLMesh {
         verticesBuffer.put(0, vertices);
 
         glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-
         glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
+        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 14 * Float.BYTES, 0L);
-                0,
-                3,
-                GL_FLOAT,
-                false,
-                14 * Float.BYTES,
-                0L
-        );
-
         glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
+        glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 14 * Float.BYTES, 3L * Float.BYTES);
-                1,
-                3,
-                GL_FLOAT,
-                false,
-                14 * Float.BYTES,
-                3L * Float.BYTES
-        );
-
         glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
+        glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 14 * Float.BYTES, 6L * Float.BYTES);
-                2,
-                3,
-                GL_FLOAT,
-                false,
-                14 * Float.BYTES,
-                6L * Float.BYTES
-        );
-
         glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
+        glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 14 * Float.BYTES, 9L * Float.BYTES);
-                3,
-                3,
-                GL_FLOAT,
-                false,
-                14 * Float.BYTES,
-                9L * Float.BYTES
-        );
-
         glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
+        glVertexAttribPointer(4, 2, GL_FLOAT, false, 14 * Float.BYTES, 12L * Float.BYTES);
-                4,
-                2,
-                GL_FLOAT,
-                false,
-                14 * Float.BYTES,
-                12L * Float.BYTES
-        );
 
         vboId = glGenBuffers();
         VBO_ID_List.add(vboId);
@@ -94,23 +54,19 @@ public class GLMesh {
         indicesBuffer.put(0, indices);
         glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboId);
         glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-
         glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
         glBindVertexArray(0);
 
         MemoryUtil.memFree(verticesBuffer);
         MemoryUtil.memFree(indicesBuffer);
     }
-
     public void CleanUp() {
         VBO_ID_List.forEach(GL30::glDeleteBuffers);
         glDeleteVertexArrays(VAO_ID);
     }
-
     public int GetVertexCount() {
         return VertexCount;
     }
-
     public final int GetVaoID() {
         return VAO_ID;
     }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/FaceRangeAllocator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration;
+
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+public final class FaceRangeAllocator {
+    private final TreeMap<Integer, Integer> free = new TreeMap<>();
+    private final TreeMap<Integer, Integer> allocated = new TreeMap<>();
+    private int freeFaces;
+
+    public FaceRangeAllocator(int capacity) {
+        if (capacity <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Face capacity must be positive");
+        free.put(0, capacity);
+        freeFaces = capacity;
+    }
+
+    public int allocate(int count) {
+        if (count <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Face count must be positive");
+        for (var range : free.entrySet()) {
+            if (range.getValue() < count) continue;
+            int offset = range.getKey();
+            int remaining = range.getValue() - count;
+            free.remove(offset);
+            if (remaining > 0) free.put(offset + count, remaining);
+            allocated.put(offset, count);
+            freeFaces -= count;
+            return offset;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    public void free(int offset) {
+        Integer count = allocated.remove(offset);
+        if (count == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown face allocation");
+        freeFaces += count;
+        var previous = free.lowerEntry(offset);
+        if (previous != null && previous.getKey() + previous.getValue() == offset) {
+            offset = previous.getKey();
+            count += previous.getValue();
+            free.remove(previous.getKey());
+        }
+        var next = free.ceilingEntry(offset);
+        if (next != null && offset + count == next.getKey()) {
+            count += next.getValue();
+            free.remove(next.getKey());
+        }
+        free.put(offset, count);
+    }
+
+    public int freeFaces() {return freeFaces;}
+}

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/GeneratedVoxelChunk.java

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration;
+
+import org.joml.Vector3i;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** Faces remain valid until recordGenerateChunks reuses their frame slot. */
+public record GeneratedVoxelChunk(Vector3i position, int faceCount, long sourceBuffer, long sourceOffsetBytes) {
+    public GeneratedVoxelChunk {
+        position = new Vector3i(Objects.requireNonNull(position));
+        if (faceCount < 0 || faceCount > VoxelChunkGenerator.MAX_FACES_PER_CHUNK) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid generated face count: " + Integer.toUnsignedLong(faceCount));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Vector3i position() {
+        return new Vector3i(position);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/SharedVoxelTerrainResources.java

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.P
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Shader.*;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DeviceLayers.Device;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanBuffer;
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 import org.lwjgl.util.shaderc.Shaderc;
 
@@ -15,17 +16,21 @@ import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
+import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
 import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
+import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
 public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
     public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
     public static final int VOXEL_COUNT = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE;
+    public static final int SCRATCH_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE + 2;
+    public static final int SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT = SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE * SCRATCH_SIZE;
 
     public static final int DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE = 4 * Integer.BYTES;
     public static final int COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE = Integer.BYTES;
 
-    public static final int TERRAIN_GENERATION_PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE = Integer.BYTES * 10;
+    public static final int TERRAIN_GENERATION_PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE = Integer.BYTES * 9;
 
     public static final int MAX_VOXEL_TYPES = 256;
     public static final int MAX_BIOME_TYPES = 256;
@@ -46,8 +51,11 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
 
     private final VoxelMeshPool meshPool;
 
-    private final VulkanBuffer voxelData;
+    // Each frame has disjoint, fixed-size job slices; no dispatch shares voxel/counter storage.
-    private final VulkanBuffer counters;
+    private final VulkanBuffer[] voxelData = new VulkanBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
+    private final VulkanBuffer[] counters = new VulkanBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
+    private final VulkanBuffer[] scratchFaces = new VulkanBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
+    private final VulkanBuffer[] countReadback = new VulkanBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
     private final VulkanBuffer voxelRegistryBuffer;
     private final VulkanBuffer biomeRegistryBuffer;
     private final VulkanBuffer structureRegistryBuffer;
@@ -76,11 +84,22 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
     public SharedVoxelTerrainResources(VulkanContext VkCtx, int maxResidentChunks) {
         meshPool = new VoxelMeshPool(VkCtx, maxResidentChunks);
 
-        voxelData = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, (long) VOXEL_COUNT * Integer.BYTES,
+        for (int frame = 0; frame < VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT; frame++) {
+            voxelData[frame] = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx,
+                    (long) SCRATCH_VOXEL_COUNT * Integer.BYTES * VoxelChunkGenerator.MAX_BATCH_SIZE,
                     VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE, 0, 0);
-
+            counters[frame] = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, (long) COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE * VoxelChunkGenerator.MAX_BATCH_SIZE,
-        counters = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
+                    VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                     VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE, 0, 0);
+            scratchFaces[frame] = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx,
+                    VoxelChunkGenerator.SCRATCH_FACE_BYTES_PER_JOB * VoxelChunkGenerator.MAX_BATCH_SIZE,
+                    VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+                    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE, 0, 0);
+            countReadback[frame] = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, (long) COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE * VoxelChunkGenerator.MAX_BATCH_SIZE,
+                    VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST,
+                    VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT,
+                    VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+        }
 
         voxelRegistryBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, (long) MAX_VOXEL_TYPES * VOXEL_REG_DATA_SIZE,
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE,
@@ -104,15 +123,13 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
         });
 
         resetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[]{
-                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT),
+                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT)
-                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT)
         });
 
         meshGenerationLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[]{
                 new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT),
                 new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT),
-                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 2, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT),
+                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 2, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT)
-                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 3, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT)
         });
 
         faceGraphicsLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[]{
@@ -165,18 +182,16 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
         DescriptorAllocator allocator = VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator();
         Device device = VkCtx.GetDevice();
 
-        DescriptorSet resetSet = allocator.AddDescriptorSet(device, DESC_ID_RESET, resetLayout);
+        DescriptorSet[] resetSets = allocator.AddDescriptorSets(device, DESC_ID_RESET, VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT, resetLayout);
-        resetSet.SetBuffer(device, meshPool.indirectPool(), meshPool.indirectPool().GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
+        DescriptorSet[] voxelSets = allocator.AddDescriptorSets(device, DESC_ID_VOXEL_GENERATION, VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT, voxelGenerationLayout);
-        resetSet.SetBuffer(device, counters, counters.GetRequestedSize(), 1, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
+        DescriptorSet[] meshSets = allocator.AddDescriptorSets(device, DESC_ID_MESH, VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT, meshGenerationLayout);
-
+        for (int frame = 0; frame < VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT; frame++) {
-        DescriptorSet voxelSet = allocator.AddDescriptorSet(device, DESC_ID_VOXEL_GENERATION, voxelGenerationLayout);
+            resetSets[frame].SetBuffer(device, counters[frame], counters[frame].GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-        voxelSet.SetBuffer(device, voxelData, voxelData.GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
+            voxelSets[frame].SetBuffer(device, voxelData[frame], voxelData[frame].GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-
+            meshSets[frame].SetBuffer(device, voxelData[frame], voxelData[frame].GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-        DescriptorSet meshSet = allocator.AddDescriptorSet(device, DESC_ID_MESH, meshGenerationLayout);
+            meshSets[frame].SetBuffer(device, scratchFaces[frame], scratchFaces[frame].GetRequestedSize(), 1, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-        meshSet.SetBuffer(device, voxelData, voxelData.GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
+            meshSets[frame].SetBuffer(device, counters[frame], counters[frame].GetRequestedSize(), 2, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-        meshSet.SetBuffer(device, meshPool.facePool(), meshPool.facePool().GetRequestedSize(), 1, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
+        }
-        meshSet.SetBuffer(device, meshPool.indirectPool(), meshPool.indirectPool().GetRequestedSize(), 2, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
-        meshSet.SetBuffer(device, counters, counters.GetRequestedSize(), 3, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
 
         DescriptorSet faceGraphicsSet = allocator.AddDescriptorSet(device, DESC_ID_FACE_GRAPHICS, faceGraphicsLayout);
         faceGraphicsSet.SetBuffer(device, meshPool.facePool(), meshPool.facePool().GetRequestedSize(), 0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER);
@@ -311,12 +326,20 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
         return meshPool;
     }
 
-    public VulkanBuffer voxelData() {
+    public VulkanBuffer voxelData(int currentFrame) {
-        return voxelData;
+        return voxelData[currentFrame];
     }
 
-    public VulkanBuffer counters() {
+    public VulkanBuffer counters(int currentFrame) {
-        return counters;
+        return counters[currentFrame];
+    }
+
+    public VulkanBuffer scratchFaces(int currentFrame) {
+        return scratchFaces[currentFrame];
+    }
+
+    public VulkanBuffer countReadback(int currentFrame) {
+        return countReadback[currentFrame];
     }
 
     public Pipeline voxelGenerationPipeline() {
@@ -363,11 +386,18 @@ public class SharedVoxelTerrainResources {
         faceGraphicsLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         voxelDeclarationLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         biomeDeclarationLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        structureDeclarationLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
 
-        voxelData.cleanup(VkCtx);
+        for (int frame = 0; frame < VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT; frame++) {
-        counters.cleanup(VkCtx);
+            voxelData[frame].cleanup(VkCtx);
+            counters[frame].cleanup(VkCtx);
+            scratchFaces[frame].cleanup(VkCtx);
+            countReadback[frame].cleanup(VkCtx);
+        }
         voxelRegistryBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
         biomeRegistryBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
+        structureRegistryBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
+        structureVoxelDataBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
         meshPool.cleanup(VkCtx);
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/VoxelChunkGenerator.java

@@ -4,11 +4,18 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Shader.DescriptorAllocator;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DeviceLayers.CommandBuffer;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
+import org.joml.Vector3i;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkBufferCopy;
 import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkCommandBuffer;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.nio.LongBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
 
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
@@ -16,83 +23,164 @@ public class VoxelChunkGenerator {
     public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
     public static final int LOCAL_SIZE = 4;
     public static final int DISPATCH_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE / LOCAL_SIZE;
+    public static final int MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 64;
+    public static final int MAX_FACES_PER_CHUNK = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * 6;
+    public static final long SCRATCH_FACE_BYTES_PER_JOB = (long) MAX_FACES_PER_CHUNK * Integer.BYTES;
+    public static final int VOXEL_DISPATCH_SIZE = (SharedVoxelTerrainResources.SCRATCH_SIZE + LOCAL_SIZE - 1) / LOCAL_SIZE;
 
     private final SharedVoxelTerrainResources resources;
+    private final GenerationBatch[] pending = new GenerationBatch[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT];
 
     public VoxelChunkGenerator(SharedVoxelTerrainResources resources) {
         this.resources = resources;
+        for (int frame = 0; frame < pending.length; frame++) {
+            pending[frame] = new GenerationBatch();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call only after currentFrame's submission fence signals. This never waits on the GPU.
+     * Results are consumed once, including empty chunks. Copy their faces before recording
+     * another batch into this frame slot; other frame slots do not invalidate them.
+     */
+    public List<GeneratedVoxelChunk> collectCompleted(VulkanContext VkCtx, int currentFrame) {
+        GenerationBatch batch = pending[Objects.checkIndex(currentFrame, pending.length)];
+        if (batch.positions.isEmpty()) {
+            return List.of();
+        }
+        long address = resources.countReadback(currentFrame).MapMemory(VkCtx);
+        ByteBuffer counts = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(address, batch.positions.size() * Integer.BYTES);
+        return batch.collect(counts, resources.scratchFaces(currentFrame).GetBuffer());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records one batch (at most MAX_BATCH_SIZE), without submission or waits. The caller
+     * limits scheduling using EngineConfig.GetVoxelGenerationsPerFrame(), collects this
+     * frame's previous results after its fence, and records scratch-to-pool copies first.
+     */
+    public void recordGenerateChunks(VulkanContext VkCtx, CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
+                                     List<Vector3i> positions, int currentFrame) {
+        GenerationBatch batch = pending[Objects.checkIndex(currentFrame, pending.length)];
+        batch.stage(positions);
+        if (batch.positions.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
         }
 
-    public void recordGenerateChunk(VulkanContext VkCtx,CommandBuffer commandBuffer, RenderChunk chunk) {
         try (MemoryStack stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
             VkCommandBuffer cmd = commandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer();
             DescriptorAllocator allocator = VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator();
-
             ByteBuffer pushConstants = stack.malloc(SharedVoxelTerrainResources.TERRAIN_GENERATION_PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE);
-
-            int indirectCommandIndex = (int) (chunk.indirectCommandOffsetBytes() / VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE);
-            int faceOffset = (int) (chunk.faceOffsetBytes() / VoxelMeshPool.FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES);
-
-            pushConstants.putInt(0, chunk.position().x);
-            pushConstants.putInt(4, chunk.position().y);
-            pushConstants.putInt(8, chunk.position().z);
-            pushConstants.putInt(12, chunk.slot());
-            pushConstants.putInt(16, faceOffset);
             pushConstants.putInt(20, VoxelWorldManager.GetVoxelTypeCount());
-            pushConstants.putInt(24, indirectCommandIndex);
+            pushConstants.putInt(24, VoxelWorldManager.GetBiomeTypeCount());
-            pushConstants.putInt(28, VoxelWorldManager.GetBiomeTypeCount());
+            pushConstants.putInt(28, VoxelWorldManager.GetStructureTypeCount());
-            pushConstants.putInt(32, VoxelWorldManager.GetStructureTypeCount());
+            pushConstants.putInt(32, VoxelWorldManager.GetWorldSeed());
-            pushConstants.putInt(36, VoxelWorldManager.GetWorldSeed());
 
             LongBuffer resetDescriptorSet = stack.longs(allocator.GetDescriptorSet(
-                    resources.resetDescriptorId()).GetVkDescriptorSet());
+                    resources.resetDescriptorId(), currentFrame).GetVkDescriptorSet());
             LongBuffer voxelDescriptorSet = stack.longs(
-                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.voxelGenerationDescriptorId()).GetVkDescriptorSet(),
+                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.voxelGenerationDescriptorId(), currentFrame).GetVkDescriptorSet(),
                     allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.biomeRegDescriptorID()).GetVkDescriptorSet(),
-                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.structureRegDescriptorID()).GetVkDescriptorSet()
+                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.structureRegDescriptorID()).GetVkDescriptorSet());
-            );
             LongBuffer meshDescriptorSet = stack.longs(
-                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.meshDescriptorId()).GetVkDescriptorSet(),
+                    allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.meshDescriptorId(), currentFrame).GetVkDescriptorSet(),
                     allocator.GetDescriptorSet(resources.voxelRegDescriptorID()).GetVkDescriptorSet());
 
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.resetPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline());
+            // Includes the parent's scratch-to-pool transfers earlier in this command buffer.
-            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.resetPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0, resetDescriptorSet,null );
-            vkCmdPushConstants( cmd, resources.resetPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,0,  pushConstants );
-            vkCmdDispatch(cmd, 1, 1, 1);
-
             VulkanUtils.BufferBarriers(stack, cmd, new long[]{
-                            resources.meshPool().indirectPoolHandle(),
+                            resources.scratchFaces(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
-                            resources.counters().GetBuffer()
+                            resources.voxelData(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
-                    }, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
+                            resources.counters(currentFrame).GetBuffer()
+                    }, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT);
-            );
 
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.voxelGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline());
+            long resetLayout = resources.resetPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout();
-            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.voxelGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0, voxelDescriptorSet,null );
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, resources.resetPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline());
-            vkCmdPushConstants( cmd, resources.voxelGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,0,  pushConstants );
+            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, resetLayout, 0, resetDescriptorSet, null);
-            vkCmdDispatch(cmd, DISPATCH_SIZE, DISPATCH_SIZE, DISPATCH_SIZE);
+            for (int job = 0; job < batch.positions.size(); job++) {
+                putJobConstants(pushConstants, batch.positions.get(job), job);
+                vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, resetLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT, 0, pushConstants);
+                vkCmdDispatch(cmd, 1, 1, 1);
+            }
 
-            VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd,resources.voxelData().GetBuffer(),
+            VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd, resources.counters(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT);
+
+            long voxelLayout = resources.voxelGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout();
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, resources.voxelGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline());
+            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, voxelLayout, 0, voxelDescriptorSet, null);
+            for (int job = 0; job < batch.positions.size(); job++) {
+                putJobConstants(pushConstants, batch.positions.get(job), job);
+                vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, voxelLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT, 0, pushConstants);
+                vkCmdDispatch(cmd, VOXEL_DISPATCH_SIZE, VOXEL_DISPATCH_SIZE, VOXEL_DISPATCH_SIZE);
+            }
+
+            VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd, resources.voxelData(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
                     VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT);
 
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.meshGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline() );
+            long meshLayout = resources.meshGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout();
-
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, resources.meshGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipeline());
-            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE,resources.meshGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0, meshDescriptorSet,null );
+            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, meshLayout, 0, meshDescriptorSet, null);
-
+            for (int job = 0; job < batch.positions.size(); job++) {
-            vkCmdPushConstants( cmd, resources.meshGenerationPipeline().GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,0,  pushConstants );
+                putJobConstants(pushConstants, batch.positions.get(job), job);
-
+                vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, meshLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT, 0, pushConstants);
                 vkCmdDispatch(cmd, DISPATCH_SIZE, DISPATCH_SIZE, DISPATCH_SIZE);
+            }
 
             VulkanUtils.BufferBarriers(stack, cmd, new long[]{
-                            resources.voxelData().GetBuffer(), resources.counters().GetBuffer(),
+                            resources.scratchFaces(currentFrame).GetBuffer(), resources.counters(currentFrame).GetBuffer()
-                            resources.meshPool().facePoolHandle(), resources.meshPool().indirectPoolHandle()
+                    }, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT,
-                    }, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT |
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_READ_BIT);
-                            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_DRAW_INDIRECT_BIT,
+
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_STORAGE_READ_BIT |
+            VkBufferCopy.Buffer copy = VkBufferCopy.calloc(1, stack)
-                            VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT);
+                    .srcOffset(0).dstOffset(0).size((long) batch.positions.size() * Integer.BYTES);
+            vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, resources.counters(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
+                    resources.countReadback(currentFrame).GetBuffer(), copy);
+            VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd, resources.countReadback(currentFrame).GetBuffer(),
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_HOST_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_HOST_READ_BIT);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void putJobConstants(ByteBuffer pushConstants, Vector3i position, int job) {
+        Objects.checkIndex(job, MAX_BATCH_SIZE);
+        pushConstants.putInt(0, position.x);
+        pushConstants.putInt(4, position.y);
+        pushConstants.putInt(8, position.z);
+        pushConstants.putInt(12, job);
+        pushConstants.putInt(16, job * MAX_FACES_PER_CHUNK);
+    }
+
+    static final class GenerationBatch {
+        private List<Vector3i> positions = List.of();
+
+        void stage(List<Vector3i> requested) {
+            if (!positions.isEmpty()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Collect completed generation before reusing this frame slot");
+            }
+            if (requested.size() > MAX_BATCH_SIZE) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Voxel generation batch exceeds " + MAX_BATCH_SIZE);
+            }
+            List<Vector3i> snapshot = new ArrayList<>(requested.size());
+            for (Vector3i position : requested) {
+                snapshot.add(new Vector3i(Objects.requireNonNull(position)));
+            }
+            positions = List.copyOf(snapshot);
+        }
+
+        List<GeneratedVoxelChunk> collect(ByteBuffer counts, long sourceBuffer) {
+            ByteBuffer nativeCounts = counts.duplicate().order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+            List<GeneratedVoxelChunk> completed = new ArrayList<>(positions.size());
+            for (int job = 0; job < positions.size(); job++) {
+                int faceCount = nativeCounts.getInt(job * Integer.BYTES);
+                completed.add(new GeneratedVoxelChunk(positions.get(job), faceCount,
+                        sourceBuffer, job * SCRATCH_FACE_BYTES_PER_JOB));
+            }
+            positions = List.of();
+            return List.copyOf(completed);
         }
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/VoxelDrawData.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration;
+
+import org.joml.FrustumIntersection;
+import org.joml.Matrix4f;
+import org.joml.Vector3i;
+
+public final class VoxelDrawData {
+    private VoxelDrawData() {}
+
+    public static int encodeOffset(Vector3i position, Vector3i center) {
+        int x = position.x - center.x + 512;
+        int y = position.y - center.y + 512;
+        int z = position.z - center.z + 512;
+        if (x < 0 || x > 1023 || y < 0 || y > 1023 || z < 0 || z > 1023) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Chunk outside indirect draw coordinate range");
+        }
+        return x | (y << 10) | (z << 20);
+    }
+
+    public static FrustumIntersection frustum(Matrix4f matrix) {
+        // JOML's frustum test expects -w <= z <= w; Vulkan clips 0 <= z <= w.
+        Matrix4f clip = new Matrix4f(matrix);
+        clip.m02(2 * matrix.m02() - matrix.m03());
+        clip.m12(2 * matrix.m12() - matrix.m13());
+        clip.m22(2 * matrix.m22() - matrix.m23());
+        clip.m32(2 * matrix.m32() - matrix.m33());
+        return new FrustumIntersection(clip);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean withinRadius(Vector3i position, Vector3i center, int radius) {
+        return Math.abs((long) position.x - center.x) <= radius
+                && Math.abs((long) position.y - center.y) <= radius
+                && Math.abs((long) position.z - center.z) <= radius;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/VoxelMeshPool.java

@@ -1,114 +1,88 @@
 package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration;
 
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.EngineConfig;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanBuffer;
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
-import org.joml.Vector3f;
 import org.joml.Vector3i;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkPhysicalDeviceProperties;
+import org.tinylog.Logger;
 
 import java.util.ArrayDeque;
 import java.util.Queue;
 
-import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
+import static org.lwjgl.util.vma.Vma.*;
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
-public class VoxelMeshPool{
+public class VoxelMeshPool {
     public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
-
     public static final int MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK = CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE * 6;
     public static final int FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES = Integer.BYTES;
     public static final int DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE = 4 * Integer.BYTES;
 
     private final int maxChunks;
-
-    private final long faceSlotSizeBytes;
-    private final long indirectSlotSizeBytes;
-
     private final VulkanBuffer facePool;
-    private final VulkanBuffer indirectPool;
+    private final VulkanBuffer[][] drawBuffers = new VulkanBuffer[VulkanUtils.MAX_IN_FLIGHT][2];
-
+    private final FaceRangeAllocator ranges;
     private final Queue<Integer> freeSlots = new ArrayDeque<>();
 
     public VoxelMeshPool(VulkanContext VkCtx, int maxChunks) {
         this.maxChunks = maxChunks;
-
+        long requestedBytes = (long) EngineConfig.getInstance().GetVoxelFacePoolMiB() * 1024 * 1024;
-        this.faceSlotSizeBytes = (long) MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK * FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES;
+        long facePoolSize;
-        this.indirectSlotSizeBytes = DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE;
+        try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
-
+            var properties = VkPhysicalDeviceProperties.calloc(stack);
-        long facePoolSize = faceSlotSizeBytes * maxChunks;
+            vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(VkCtx.GetPhysicalDevice().GetPhysicalDevice(), properties);
-        long indirectPoolSize = indirectSlotSizeBytes * maxChunks;
+            facePoolSize = Math.min(requestedBytes, Integer.toUnsignedLong(properties.limits().maxStorageBufferRange()));
-        facePool = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx,facePoolSize,VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+        }
-                VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE,0,0);
+        facePoolSize -= facePoolSize % FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES;
-
+        ranges = new FaceRangeAllocator(Math.toIntExact(facePoolSize / FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES));
-
+        facePool = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, facePoolSize,
-        indirectPool = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx,indirectPoolSize,VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-                VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE,0,0);
+                VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE, 0, 0);
-
+        for (int frame = 0; frame < drawBuffers.length; frame++) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxChunks; i++) {
+            for (int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++) {
-            freeSlots.add(i);
+                drawBuffers[frame][pass] = new VulkanBuffer(VkCtx, (long) maxChunks * DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE,
+                        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BIT, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+                        VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT,
+                        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
             }
         }
-
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxChunks; i++) freeSlots.add(i);
-    public RenderChunk allocate(Vector3i position) {
+        Logger.info("Voxel face pool: {} MiB, {} resident chunk IDs", facePoolSize / (1024 * 1024), maxChunks);
-        Integer slot = freeSlots.poll();
-
-        if (slot == null) {
-            return null;
     }
-        return new RenderChunk(
+
-                new Vector3i(position),
+    public RenderChunk allocate(Vector3i position, int faceCount) {
-                slot,
+        if (faceCount <= 0 || faceCount > MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK) {
-                faceOffsetBytes(slot),
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid generated face count: " + faceCount);
-                MAX_VISIBLE_FACES_PER_CHUNK,
+        }
-                indirectCommandOffsetBytes(slot),
+        if (freeSlots.isEmpty()) return null;
-                new Matrix4f().identity().translate(
+        int faceOffset = ranges.allocate(faceCount);
-                        new Vector3f(
+        if (faceOffset < 0) return null;
-                                position.x * CHUNK_SIZE,
+        int slot = freeSlots.remove();
-                                position.y * CHUNK_SIZE,
+        return new RenderChunk(new Vector3i(position), slot, (long) faceOffset * FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES,
-                                position.z * CHUNK_SIZE
+                faceCount, (long) slot * DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE,
-                        )
+                new Matrix4f().translation(position.x * CHUNK_SIZE, position.y * CHUNK_SIZE, position.z * CHUNK_SIZE));
-                )
-        );
     }
 
     public void free(RenderChunk chunk) {
+        ranges.free(Math.toIntExact(chunk.faceOffsetBytes() / FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES));
         freeSlots.add(chunk.slot());
     }
 
-    public long faceOffsetBytes(int slot) {
+    public VulkanBuffer facePool() {return facePool;}
-        return faceSlotSizeBytes * slot;
+    public long facePoolHandle() {return facePool.GetBuffer();}
-    }
+    public VulkanBuffer drawBuffer(int frame, boolean shadowPass) {return drawBuffers[frame][shadowPass ? 1 : 0];}
-
+    public int maxChunks() {return maxChunks;}
-    public long indirectCommandOffsetBytes(int slot) {
+    public int freeSlotCount() {return freeSlots.size();}
-        return indirectSlotSizeBytes * slot;
+    public long usedFaceBytes() {return facePool.GetRequestedSize() - (long) ranges.freeFaces() * FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES;}
-    }
-
-    public VulkanBuffer facePool() {
-        return facePool;
-    }
-
-    public VulkanBuffer indirectPool() {
-        return indirectPool;
-    }
-
-    public long facePoolHandle() {
-        return facePool.GetBuffer();
-    }
-
-    public long indirectPoolHandle() {
-        return indirectPool.GetBuffer();
-    }
-
-    public int maxChunks() {
-        return maxChunks;
-    }
-
-    public int freeSlotCount() {
-        return freeSlots.size();
-    }
 
     public void cleanup(VulkanContext VkCtx) {
         facePool.cleanup(VkCtx);
-        indirectPool.cleanup(VkCtx);
+        for (VulkanBuffer[] frame : drawBuffers) {
+            for (VulkanBuffer buffer : frame) buffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
+        }
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VoxelTerrainGeneration/VoxelWorldManager.java

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Computing.VoxelTerrainGeneration;
 
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.EngineConfig;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.Pipeline;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.VkModel.MaterialsCache;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DeviceLayers.CommandBuffer;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
 import org.joml.*;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkBufferCopy;
 import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkCommandBuffer;
 import org.tinylog.Logger;
 
@@ -21,13 +25,23 @@ import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
 public class VoxelWorldManager {
     public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
-    private static final int MAX_RESIDENT_CHUNKS = 8192 * 3;
+    private static int MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME = EngineConfig.getInstance().GetVoxelGenerationsPerFrame();
-    private static final int MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME = 128;
+
+    public static int GetMaxChunkGenerationsPerFrame(){return MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME;}
+    public static void SetMaxChunkGenerationsPerFrame(int value){MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME = Math.clamp(value, 16, 64);}
 
     private static final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Vector3i> RequestedChunks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
     private static final ConcurrentHashMap<Vector3i, RenderChunk> RenderChunks = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     private static final ConcurrentHashMap<Vector3i, Boolean> KnownChunks = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     private static final ConcurrentHashMap<Vector3i, VoxelChunkVisibility> CulledChunks = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private static final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<RenderChunk> RetiredChunks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+    private static final Vector3i ResidentCenter = new Vector3i();
+    private static int ResidentRadius = EngineConfig.getInstance().GetVoxelChunkRadius();
+    private static VulkanContext RenderContext;
+    private static int DrawFrame;
+    private static volatile int GeneratedLastFrame;
+    private static volatile int VisibleLastFrame;
+    private static boolean PoolFull;
 
     private static final List<Voxel> VoxelRegistry = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
     private static final ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> VoxelNameToIndex = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
@@ -188,8 +202,10 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
             return;
         }
 
-        Resources = new SharedVoxelTerrainResources(VkCtx, MAX_RESIDENT_CHUNKS);
+        int diameter = EngineConfig.getInstance().GetVoxelChunkRadius() * 2 + 1;
+        Resources = new SharedVoxelTerrainResources(VkCtx, diameter * diameter * diameter);
         Generator = new VoxelChunkGenerator(Resources);
+        RenderContext = VkCtx;
 
         GraphicsPushConstants = org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil.memAlloc(
                 VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE +
@@ -197,30 +213,15 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
         );
     }
 
-    public static void GenerateChunk(Vector3i Position) {
+    public static synchronized void GenerateChunk(Vector3i Position) {
         Vector3i key = new Vector3i(Position);
-
+        if (KnownChunks.putIfAbsent(key, true) == null) RequestedChunks.add(key);
-        if (KnownChunks.containsKey(key)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        RequestedChunks.add(key);
-        KnownChunks.put(key, true);
     }
 
     public static int GenerationOffset = 0;
     public static Vector3i LastPosition = new Vector3i(0, 0, 0);
 
     static volatile int IterationX = 0;
-    static Vector3i ChunkPos = new Vector3i(0, 0, 0);
-    static Vector3i ChunkPos2 = new Vector3i(0, 0, 0);
-
-    private static final FrustumIntersection frustumIntersection = new FrustumIntersection();
-    private static final Matrix4f viewProjectionMatrix = new Matrix4f();
-    private static Vector3f max = new Vector3f();
-    private static Vector3f max2 = new Vector3f();
-    private static Vector3f min = new Vector3f();
-    private static Vector3f min2 = new Vector3f();
 
     public static synchronized void ResetIterationX()
     {
@@ -228,52 +229,71 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
     }
 
     public static synchronized void GenerateChunks(Vector3i Position, Vector3i Radius, Matrix4f cameraView,Matrix4f projectionMatrix) {
-
+        if (!Position.equals(LastPosition)) IterationX = 0;
-        projectionMatrix.mul(cameraView, viewProjectionMatrix);
+        int radius = Math.max(Radius.x, Math.max(Radius.y, Radius.z));
-        frustumIntersection.set(viewProjectionMatrix);
+        if (IterationX > radius) return;
-
+        int shell = IterationX++;
-        int ChunkX = Position.x;
+        for (int x = -Math.min(shell, Radius.x); x <= Math.min(shell, Radius.x); x++) {
-        int ChunkY = Position.y;
+            for (int y = -Math.min(shell, Radius.y); y <= Math.min(shell, Radius.y); y++) {
-        int ChunkY2 = Position.y;
+                for (int z = -Math.min(shell, Radius.z); z <= Math.min(shell, Radius.z); z++) {
-        int ChunkZ = Position.z;
+                    if (Math.max(Math.abs(x), Math.max(Math.abs(y), Math.abs(z))) != shell) continue;
-        for (int Ry = 0; Ry <= Radius.y; Ry++)
+                    GenerateChunk(new Vector3i(Position.x + x, Position.y + y, Position.z + z));
-        {
-            for (int Rx = -IterationX; Rx <= IterationX; Rx++)
-            {
-                for (int Rz = -IterationX; Rz <= IterationX; Rz++)
-                {
-                    ChunkX = Position.x + Rx;
-                    ChunkY = Position.y + Ry;
-                    ChunkY2 = Position.y - Ry;
-                    ChunkZ = Position.z + Rz;
-                    min.set(ChunkX * CHUNK_SIZE, ChunkY * CHUNK_SIZE, ChunkZ * CHUNK_SIZE);
-                    min2.set(ChunkX * CHUNK_SIZE, ChunkY2 * CHUNK_SIZE, ChunkZ * CHUNK_SIZE);
-                    max.set(min.x + CHUNK_SIZE, min.y + CHUNK_SIZE, min.z + CHUNK_SIZE);
-                    max2.set(min2.x + CHUNK_SIZE, min2.y + CHUNK_SIZE, min2.z + CHUNK_SIZE);
-                    if (Rx == -IterationX || Rz == -IterationX || Rx == IterationX || Rz == IterationX)
-                    {
-                        if(frustumIntersection.testAab(min.x, min.y, min.z, max.x, max.y, max.z)) {
-                            GenerateChunk(ChunkPos.set(ChunkX, ChunkY, ChunkZ));
-                        }
-                        if(frustumIntersection.testAab(min2.x, min2.y, min2.z, max2.x, max2.y, max2.z)) {
-                            GenerateChunk(ChunkPos2.set(ChunkX, ChunkY2, ChunkZ));
                 }
             }
         }
-            }
-        }
-        IterationX++;
-        if (IterationX > Radius.x || Position.x != LastPosition.x || Position.y != LastPosition.y || Position.z != LastPosition.z)
-        {
-            IterationX = 0;
-        }
         LastPosition.set(Position);
     }
 
-    public static void RecordGeneration(VulkanContext VkCtx, CommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
+    public static synchronized void RecordGeneration(VulkanContext VkCtx, CommandBuffer commandBuffer, int currentFrame) {
         if (Resources == null) {
             Init(VkCtx);
         }
+        DrawFrame = currentFrame;
+        RenderChunk retired;
+        while ((retired = RetiredChunks.poll()) != null) {
+            Resources.meshPool().free(retired);
+            PoolFull = false;
+        }
+
+        try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+            var cmd = commandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer();
+            var completed = Generator.collectCompleted(VkCtx, currentFrame);
+            if (!completed.isEmpty()) {
+                // Reused ranges may still be read by an earlier submission on this queue.
+                VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd, Resources.meshPool().facePoolHandle(),
+                        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT,
+                        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT,
+                        VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT);
+                var copy = VkBufferCopy.calloc(1, stack);
+                for (var generated : completed) {
+                    Vector3i position = generated.position();
+                    if (!VoxelDrawData.withinRadius(position, ResidentCenter, ResidentRadius)) {
+                        KnownChunks.remove(position);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (generated.faceCount() == 0) {
+                        CulledChunks.put(position, VoxelChunkVisibility.EMPTY_AIR);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    RenderChunk chunk = Resources.meshPool().allocate(position, generated.faceCount());
+                    if (chunk == null) {
+                        if (!PoolFull) Logger.warn("Voxel face budget exhausted; pending chunks retained. Increase voxel_face_pool_mib or reduce radius.");
+                        PoolFull = true;
+                        RequestedChunks.add(position);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    copy.srcOffset(generated.sourceOffsetBytes()).dstOffset(chunk.faceOffsetBytes())
+                            .size((long) generated.faceCount() * VoxelMeshPool.FACE_RECORD_SIZE_BYTES);
+                    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, generated.sourceBuffer(), Resources.meshPool().facePoolHandle(), copy);
+                    RenderChunks.put(position, chunk);
+                }
+                VulkanUtils.BufferBarrier(stack, cmd, Resources.meshPool().facePoolHandle(),
+                        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT,
+                        VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (RegistryDirty || BiomeRegistryDirty || StructureRegistryDirty) VkCtx.GetDevice().waitIdle();
 
         if (RegistryDirty) {
             RegistryDirty = false;
@@ -293,40 +313,18 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
         }
 
 
-        int generatedThisFrame = 0;
+        List<Vector3i> batch = new ArrayList<>(MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME);
-
+        while (!PoolFull && batch.size() < MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME) {
-        while (!RequestedChunks.isEmpty() && generatedThisFrame < MAX_CHUNK_GENERATIONS_PER_FRAME) {
             Vector3i position = RequestedChunks.poll();
-
+            if (position == null) break;
-            if (position == null) {
+            if (!VoxelDrawData.withinRadius(position, ResidentCenter, ResidentRadius)) {
-                break;
+                KnownChunks.remove(position);
+                continue;
             }
-
+            batch.add(position);
-//            VoxelChunkVisibility visibility = VoxelTerrainHeightSampler.classifyChunk(
-//                    position.x,
-//                    position.y,
-//                    position.z,
-//                    VoxelChunkGenerator.CHUNK_SIZE
-//            );
-//
-//            if (visibility == VoxelChunkVisibility.EMPTY_AIR) {
-//                CulledChunks.put(new Vector3i(position), visibility);
-//                continue;
-//            }
-
-            RenderChunk renderChunk = Resources.meshPool().allocate(position);
-
-            if (renderChunk == null) {
-                Logger.warn("Voxel mesh pool full. Could not allocate chunk {}", position);
-                RequestedChunks.add(position);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            Generator.recordGenerateChunk(VkCtx, commandBuffer, renderChunk);
-            RenderChunks.put(new Vector3i(position), renderChunk);
-
-            generatedThisFrame++;
         }
+        GeneratedLastFrame = batch.size();
+        Generator.recordGenerateChunks(VkCtx, commandBuffer, batch, currentFrame);
     }
 
     public static SharedVoxelTerrainResources Resources() {
@@ -334,23 +332,56 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
     }
 
     public static void RecordRender(VkCommandBuffer CommandBuffer, Pipeline graphicsPipeline, MaterialsCache materialsCache, boolean shadowPass) {
-        if (Resources == null) {
+        RecordRender(CommandBuffer, graphicsPipeline, materialsCache, shadowPass, new Matrix4f[0]);
-            return;
     }
 
-        int terrainMaterialIndex;
+    public static synchronized void RecordRender(VkCommandBuffer CommandBuffer, Pipeline graphicsPipeline,
-
+                                                  MaterialsCache materialsCache, boolean shadowPass, Matrix4f[] clipMatrices) {
-        if (materialsCache.GetPosition("VoxelTerrain") < 0) {
+        if (Resources == null) return;
-            terrainMaterialIndex = 0;
+        var device = RenderContext.GetDevice();
+        int material = Math.max(0, materialsCache.GetPosition("VoxelTerrain"));
+        FrustumIntersection[] frustums = new FrustumIntersection[clipMatrices.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < frustums.length; i++) frustums[i] = VoxelDrawData.frustum(clipMatrices[i]);
+        var buffer = Resources.meshPool().drawBuffer(DrawFrame, shadowPass);
+        ByteBuffer data = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(buffer.MapMemory(RenderContext), (int) buffer.GetRequestedSize());
+        boolean instanced = device.drawIndirectFirstInstance();
+        List<RenderChunk> visible = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (RenderChunk chunk : RenderChunks.values()) {
+            Vector3i position = chunk.position();
+            float x = position.x * (float) CHUNK_SIZE;
+            float y = position.y * (float) CHUNK_SIZE;
+            float z = position.z * (float) CHUNK_SIZE;
+            boolean inView = frustums.length == 0;
+            for (FrustumIntersection frustum : frustums) {
+                if (frustum.testAab(x, y, z, x + CHUNK_SIZE, y + CHUNK_SIZE, z + CHUNK_SIZE)) {
+                    inView = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!inView) continue;
+            int offset = visible.size() * VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE;
+            data.putInt(offset, chunk.maxFaceCount() * 6);
+            data.putInt(offset + 4, 1);
+            data.putInt(offset + 8, Math.toIntExact(chunk.faceOffsetBytes() / 4 * 6));
+            data.putInt(offset + 12, instanced ? VoxelDrawData.encodeOffset(position, ResidentCenter) : 0);
+            visible.add(chunk);
+        }
+        buffer.UnMapMemory(RenderContext);
+        if (!shadowPass) VisibleLastFrame = visible.size();
+        if (instanced) {
+            SetPushConstants(CommandBuffer, new Vector4f(ResidentCenter, 0), graphicsPipeline, material, shadowPass);
+            int batchSize = device.multiDrawIndirect() ? device.maxDrawIndirectCount() : 1;
+            for (int first = 0; first < visible.size(); first += batchSize) {
+                vkCmdDrawIndirect(CommandBuffer, buffer.GetBuffer(), (long) first * VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE,
+                        Math.min(batchSize, visible.size() - first), VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE);
+            }
         } else {
-            terrainMaterialIndex = materialsCache.GetPosition("VoxelTerrain");
+            for (int i = 0; i < visible.size(); i++) {
-        }
+                SetPushConstants(CommandBuffer, new Vector4f(visible.get(i).position(), 0), graphicsPipeline, material, shadowPass);
-
+                vkCmdDrawIndirect(CommandBuffer, buffer.GetBuffer(), (long) i * VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE,
-        RenderChunks.forEach((position, chunk) -> {
-            SetPushConstants(CommandBuffer, new Vector4f(position, 0), graphicsPipeline, terrainMaterialIndex, shadowPass);
-            vkCmdDrawIndirect(CommandBuffer, Resources.meshPool().indirectPoolHandle(), chunk.indirectCommandOffsetBytes(),
                         1, VoxelMeshPool.DRAW_INDIRECT_COMMAND_SIZE);
-        });
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private static void SetPushConstants(VkCommandBuffer CmdHandle, Vector4f ModelMatrix, Pipeline VkPipeline, int MaterialIndex, boolean shadowPass){
@@ -366,48 +397,22 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
 
 
     public static synchronized void UnloadFarChunks(Vector3i centerChunk, int unloadRadius,Matrix4f cameraView,Matrix4f projectionMatrix) {
-        int maxDistSq = unloadRadius * unloadRadius;
+        ResidentCenter.set(centerChunk);
-        projectionMatrix.mul(cameraView, viewProjectionMatrix);
+        ResidentRadius = unloadRadius;
-        frustumIntersection.set(viewProjectionMatrix);
         RenderChunks.entrySet().removeIf(entry -> {
-
             Vector3i pos = entry.getKey();
-            min.set(pos.x * CHUNK_SIZE, pos.y * CHUNK_SIZE, pos.z * CHUNK_SIZE);
+            if (!VoxelDrawData.withinRadius(pos, centerChunk, unloadRadius)) {
-            max.set(min.x + CHUNK_SIZE, min.y + CHUNK_SIZE, min.z + CHUNK_SIZE);
+                RetiredChunks.add(entry.getValue());
-            boolean InView = frustumIntersection.testAab(min.x, min.y, min.z, max.x, max.y, max.z);
-            if (!InView) {
-                RenderChunk chunk = entry.getValue();
-                Resources.meshPool().free(chunk);
                 KnownChunks.remove(pos);
                 return true;
             }
-            int dx = pos.x - centerChunk.x;
-            int dy = pos.y - centerChunk.y;
-            int dz = pos.z - centerChunk.z;
-
-            int distSq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
-            if (distSq > maxDistSq) {
-                RenderChunk chunk = entry.getValue();
-
-                Resources.meshPool().free(chunk);
-                KnownChunks.remove(pos);
-
-                return true;
-            }
-
             return false;
         });
 
         CulledChunks.entrySet().removeIf(entry -> {
             Vector3i pos = entry.getKey();
 
-            int dx = pos.x - centerChunk.x;
+            if (!VoxelDrawData.withinRadius(pos, centerChunk, unloadRadius)) {
-            int dy = pos.y - centerChunk.y;
-            int dz = pos.z - centerChunk.z;
-
-            int distSq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
-
-            if (distSq > maxDistSq) {
                 KnownChunks.remove(pos);
                 return true;
             }
@@ -416,13 +421,7 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
         });
 
         RequestedChunks.removeIf(pos -> {
-            int dx = pos.x - centerChunk.x;
+            if (!VoxelDrawData.withinRadius(pos, centerChunk, unloadRadius)) {
-            int dy = pos.y - centerChunk.y;
-            int dz = pos.z - centerChunk.z;
-
-            int distSq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
-
-            if (distSq > maxDistSq) {
                 KnownChunks.remove(pos);
                 return true;
             }
@@ -434,6 +433,9 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
     public static int GetRenderableChunkCount() {
         return RenderChunks.size();
     }
+    public static int GetGeneratedLastFrame() {return GeneratedLastFrame;}
+    public static int GetVisibleLastFrame() {return VisibleLastFrame;}
+    public static synchronized long GetUsedFaceBytes() {return Resources == null ? 0 : Resources.meshPool().usedFaceBytes();}
 
     public static int GetCulledChunkCount() {
         return CulledChunks.size();
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
     }
 
 
-    public static void Cleanup(VulkanContext VkCtx) {
+    public static synchronized void Cleanup(VulkanContext VkCtx) {
         if (Resources != null) {
             Resources.cleanup(VkCtx);
             Resources = null;
@@ -466,5 +468,12 @@ public class VoxelWorldManager {
         RequestedChunks.clear();
         RenderChunks.clear();
         KnownChunks.clear();
+        CulledChunks.clear();
+        RetiredChunks.clear();
+        Generator = null;
+        RenderContext = null;
+        IterationX = 0;
+        PoolFull = false;
+        RegistryDirty = BiomeRegistryDirty = StructureRegistryDirty = true;
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Computing/VulkanUtil/ComputePipeline.java

@@ -36,10 +36,8 @@ public class ComputePipeline implements Pipeline {
             int pushRangeCount = pushConstantsRanges != null ? pushConstantsRanges.length : 0;
             if (pushRangeCount > 0) {
                 pushRanges = VkPushConstantRange.calloc(pushRangeCount, stack);
-
                 for (int i = 0; i < pushRangeCount; i++) {
                     PushConstantsRange range = pushConstantsRanges[i];
-
                     pushRanges.get(i)
                             .stageFlags(range.Stage())
                             .offset(range.Offset())

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/DeferredRendering/DeferredSceneRender.java

@@ -431,7 +431,9 @@ public class DeferredSceneRender implements SceneRenderer {//dynamic rendering
 
             vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(CommandHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, VkVoxelPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(), 0, voxelDescriptorSets, null);
 
-            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(CommandHandle, VkVoxelPipeline, materialsCache, false);
+            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(CommandHandle, VkVoxelPipeline, materialsCache, false,
+                    new Matrix4f[]{engineInstance.scene().GetProjection().GetProjectionMatrix()
+                            .mul(engineInstance.scene().GetCamera().GetViewMatrix(), new Matrix4f())});
 
             Matrix4f skyboxViewMatrix = new Matrix4f().identity();
             skyboxViewMatrix.set(engineInstance.scene().GetCamera().GetViewMatrix());

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/DeferredRendering/MultiRenderTargetAttachments.java

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ public class MultiRenderTargetAttachments {
     public static final int DEPTH_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT;
     public static final int REFLECT_REFRACT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT;
     public static final int NORMAL_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
-    public static final int PBR_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+    public static final int PBR_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
     public static final int EMISSIVE_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
-    public static final int TRANSLUCECNY_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+    public static final int TRANSLUCECNY_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-    public static final int OPACITY_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+    public static final int OPACITY_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
     public static final int POSITION_FORMAT  = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
     public static final int VIEW_POS_FORMAT  = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
     public static final int SSAO_RAW_ATTACHMENT  = VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/Forward/ForwardSceneRender.java

@@ -428,7 +428,9 @@ public class ForwardSceneRender implements SceneRenderer {//dynamic rendering
 
             vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(CommandHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, VkVoxelPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(), 0, voxelDescriptorSets, null);
 
-            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(CommandHandle, VkVoxelPipeline, materialsCache, false);
+            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(CommandHandle, VkVoxelPipeline, materialsCache, false,
+                    new Matrix4f[]{engineInstance.scene().GetProjection().GetProjectionMatrix()
+                            .mul(engineInstance.scene().GetCamera().GetViewMatrix(), new Matrix4f())});
 
 
             Matrix4f skyboxViewMatrix = new Matrix4f().identity();

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/Lighting/LightRenderer.java

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK10.*;
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
 public class LightRenderer {
-    private static final int COLOUR_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+    private static final int COLOUR_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
     private static final String DESC_ID_ATT = "LIGHT_DESC_ID_ATT";
     private static final String DESC_ID_NOSHADOW_ATT = "LIGHT_DESC_ID_NOSHADOW_ATT";
     private static final String DESC_ID_SHADOW_MATRICES = "LIGHT_DESC_ID_SHADOW_MATRICES";
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public class LightRenderer {
         var vtxBuffStruct = new EmptyVertexBufferStruct();
         var buildInfo = new PipelineBuildInfo(shaderModules, vtxBuffStruct.GetVertexInput(),new int[]{COLOUR_FORMAT})
                 .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(descSetLayouts)
-                .BlendingIsUsed(true)
+                .BlendingIsUsed(false)
                 .SetBlendingMethod(1)
                 .SetDepthWrite(false)
                 .SetDepthTest(false);

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/PostProcessing/PostProcess.java

@@ -8,23 +8,16 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.I
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.Images.Image;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.Pipeline;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.PipelineBuildInfo;
+import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Pipeline.PushConstantsRange;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Shader.*;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DeviceLayers.CommandBuffer;
-import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DeviceLayers.Device;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DisplayToScreen.ImageView;
-import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.SwapChain.SwapChain;
-import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanBuffer;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 import org.lwjgl.util.shaderc.Shaderc;
 import org.lwjgl.vulkan.*;
-import org.tinylog.Logger;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
-import java.nio.LongBuffer;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
 
@@ -33,125 +26,97 @@ import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.*;
 
 public class PostProcess {
     public static final int COLOUR_FORMAT = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+    private static final int PASS_CONSTANT_SIZE = 24;
     private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT = "POST_DESC_ID_ATT";
-    private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_HORIZONTAL = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_HORIZONTAL";
-    private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_VERTICAL = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_VERTICAL";
-    private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_FINAL = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_FINAL";
     private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_ATTACHMENT = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_ATT";
     private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATTACHMENT = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATT";
     private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT = "POST_DESC_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATT";
-    private static final String DESCRIPTOR_ID_SCREEN_SIZE = "POST_DESC_ID_SCREEN_SIZE";
     private static final String MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/multi-sampled_post_process_frag.glsl";
-    private static final String MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV = MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv";
     private static final String BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/bloom_pass_frag.glsl";
-    private static final String BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV = BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv";
     private static final String SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/post_process_frag.glsl";
-    private static final String SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV = SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv";
+    private static final String EXTRACT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/bloom_extract_frag.glsl";
+    private static final String MULTI_EXTRACT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/multi-sampled_bloom_extract_frag.glsl";
     private static final String VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/basic_screen_vertex.glsl";
-    private static final String VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_SPV = VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv";
 
     private final DescriptorSetLayout AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout;
-    private final DescriptorSetLayout[] MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout[2];
+    private final DescriptorSetLayout MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout;
     private final VkClearValue ClearValueColour;
-    private final DescriptorSetLayout FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout;
     private final Pipeline pipeline;
     private final Pipeline bloomPipeline;
-    private final VulkanBuffer ScreenSizeBuffer;
+    private final Pipeline extractionPipeline;
-    private final VulkanBuffer BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer;
-    private final VulkanBuffer BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer;
-    private final VulkanBuffer BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer;
     private final SpecializationConstants specConstants;
     private final TextureSampler textureSampler;
-    private Attachment ColourAttachment;
-    private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ColourAttachmentInfo;
-    private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer FinalOutputInfo;
     private Attachment BloomPingAttachment;
     private Attachment BloomPongAttachment;
     private Attachment FinalAttachment;
     private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer BloomPingAttachmentInfo;
     private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer BloomPongAttachmentInfo;
-    private VkRenderingInfo RenderingInfo;
+    private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer FinalOutputInfo;
     private VkRenderingInfo SingleRenderingInfo;
     private VkRenderingInfo BloomPingRenderingInfo;
     private VkRenderingInfo BloomPongRenderingInfo;
+    private boolean attachmentsInitialized;
+    private int bloomPasses;
+
+    public static volatile float GAMMA = 1.75f;
+    public static volatile float EXPOSURE = 2.5f;
+    public static volatile float BLOOM_RADIUS = 2.5f;
 
     public PostProcess(VulkanContext VkCtx, Attachment SrcAttachment){
         ClearValueColour = VkClearValue.calloc();
-        ClearValueColour.color(c->c.float32(0,0.0f).float32(1,0.0f).float32(2,0.0f).float32(3,0.0f));
+        ClearValueColour.color(c -> c.float32(0, 0.0f).float32(1, 0.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
-
+        CreateAttachments(VkCtx);
-        ColourAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx);
+        textureSampler = new TextureSampler(VkCtx, new TextureSamplerInfo(VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-        BloomPingAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx);
+                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, false));
-        BloomPongAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx);
+        AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx,
-        FinalAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx);
+                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 0, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT));
-
+        MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[]{
-        List<Attachment> attachments = new ArrayList<>();
+                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 0, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT),
-        attachments.add(ColourAttachment);
+                new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT)});
-        attachments.add(BloomPingAttachment);
+        UpdateDescriptors(VkCtx, SrcAttachment);
-        ColourAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfos(attachments,ClearValueColour);
-        BloomPingAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(BloomPingAttachment,ClearValueColour);
-        BloomPongAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(BloomPongAttachment,ClearValueColour);
-        FinalOutputInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(FinalAttachment,ClearValueColour);
-        RenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ColourAttachment,ColourAttachmentInfo);
-        BloomPingRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(BloomPingAttachment, BloomPingAttachmentInfo);
-        BloomPongRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(BloomPongAttachment, BloomPongAttachmentInfo);
-        SingleRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(FinalAttachment,FinalOutputInfo);
-
-        var textureSamplerInfo = new TextureSamplerInfo(VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, true);
-        textureSampler = new TextureSampler(VkCtx, textureSamplerInfo);
-
-        DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[] descSetLayouts = new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation[2];
-        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-            descSetLayouts[i] = new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, i, 1, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
-        }
-
-        var LayoutInfo = new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,0,1,VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
-        AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, LayoutInfo);
-        MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0] = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, descSetLayouts);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSet(VkCtx, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, SrcAttachment,textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{BloomPingAttachment, BloomPingAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{BloomPongAttachment, BloomPongAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{ColourAttachment, BloomPingAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT);
-
-        LayoutInfo = new DescriptorSetLayout.LayoutInformation(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0,1,VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
-        FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout = new DescriptorSetLayout(VkCtx, LayoutInfo);
-        ScreenSizeBuffer = VulkanUtils.CreateHostVisibleBuffer(VkCtx, VulkanUtils.VEC2_SIZE, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,DESCRIPTOR_ID_SCREEN_SIZE,FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout);
-        BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer = VulkanUtils.CreateHostVisibleBuffer(VkCtx, VulkanUtils.BOOLEAN_SIZE * 2 + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2+ VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_HORIZONTAL,FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout);
-        BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer = VulkanUtils.CreateHostVisibleBuffer(VkCtx, VulkanUtils.BOOLEAN_SIZE * 2 + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2 + VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_VERTICAL,FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout);
-        BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer = VulkanUtils.CreateHostVisibleBuffer(VkCtx, VulkanUtils.BOOLEAN_SIZE * 2 + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2+ VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_FINAL,FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout);
-        SetScreenSizeBuffer(VkCtx);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer, true, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer, false, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer, false, true);
 
         specConstants = new SpecializationConstants();
-        ShaderModule[] shaderModules = CreateShaderModules(VkCtx, specConstants);
+        boolean multisampled = !EngineConfig.getInstance().DeferredRendering() && EngineConfig.getInstance().RenderAA() > 1;
-        pipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, shaderModules, new DescriptorSetLayout[]{AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout});
+        pipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, multisampled ? MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL : SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL,
-        Arrays.asList(shaderModules).forEach(shader->shader.CleanUp(VkCtx));
+                MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, specConstants.GetSpecializationInfo());
-        shaderModules = CreateBloomShaderModules(VkCtx, specConstants);
+        bloomPipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, null);
-        bloomPipeline = CreateSingleOutputPipeline(VkCtx, shaderModules, new DescriptorSetLayout[]{MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout});
+        extractionPipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, multisampled ? MULTI_EXTRACT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL : EXTRACT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL,
-        Logger.debug("Post Process Renderer Pipeline -> [{}]",pipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
+                AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, null);
     }
 
-    private static VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer CreateColourAttachmentInfos(List<Attachment> attachments, VkClearValue ClearValue){
+    static int ScaledExtent(int size, float scale) {
-        int numAttachments = attachments.size();
+        return Math.max(1, Math.round(size * scale));
-        VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer result = VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.calloc(numAttachments);
-        for (int i = 0; i < numAttachments; ++i) {
-            result.get(i)
-                    .sType$Default()
-                    .imageView(attachments.get(i).GetVkImageView().GetVulkanImageView())
-                    .imageLayout(VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL)
-                    .loadOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR)
-                    .storeOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE)
-                    .clearValue(ClearValue);
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
-    private static Attachment CreateColourAttachment(VulkanContext VkCtx){
+    static int ValidateBloomPasses(int passes) {
-        SwapChain swapChain = VkCtx.GetSwapChain();
+        if (passes < 0 || (passes & 1) != 0) {
-        VkExtent2D SwapChainExtent = swapChain.GetSwapChainExtent();
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bloom requires horizontal/vertical pass pairs, or zero to disable it");
-        return new Attachment(VkCtx,SwapChainExtent.width(),SwapChainExtent.height(),COLOUR_FORMAT,VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
+        }
+        return passes;
+    }
+
+    private void CreateAttachments(VulkanContext VkCtx){
+        var extent = VkCtx.GetSwapChain().GetSwapChainExtent();
+        var config = EngineConfig.getInstance();
+        float scale = config.GetBloomScale();
+        int width = ScaledExtent(extent.width(), scale);
+        int height = ScaledExtent(extent.height(), scale);
+        bloomPasses = ValidateBloomPasses(config.GetBloomPasses());
+        attachmentsInitialized = false;
+        BloomPingAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx, width, height);
+        BloomPongAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx, width, height);
+        FinalAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx, extent.width(), extent.height());
+        BloomPingAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(BloomPingAttachment, ClearValueColour);
+        if (bloomPasses == 0) BloomPingAttachmentInfo.get(0).loadOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR);
+        BloomPongAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(BloomPongAttachment, ClearValueColour);
+        FinalOutputInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(FinalAttachment, ClearValueColour);
+        BloomPingRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(BloomPingAttachment, BloomPingAttachmentInfo);
+        BloomPongRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(BloomPongAttachment, BloomPongAttachmentInfo);
+        SingleRenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(FinalAttachment, FinalOutputInfo);
+    }
+
+    private static Attachment CreateColourAttachment(VulkanContext VkCtx, int width, int height){
+        return new Attachment(VkCtx, width, height, COLOUR_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
     }
 
     private static VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer CreateColourAttachmentInfo(Attachment SrcAttachment, VkClearValue ClearValue){
@@ -159,283 +124,163 @@ public class PostProcess {
                 .sType$Default()
                 .imageView(SrcAttachment.GetVkImageView().GetVulkanImageView())
                 .imageLayout(VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL)
-                .loadOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR)
+                .loadOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE)
                 .storeOp(VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE)
                 .clearValue(ClearValue);
     }
 
-    private static Pipeline CreatePipeline(VulkanContext VkCtx, ShaderModule[] shaderModules, DescriptorSetLayout[] descriptorSetLayouts){
+    private static Pipeline CreatePipeline(VulkanContext VkCtx, String fragmentShader, DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout,
-        var VertexBufferStruct = new EmptyVertexBufferStruct();
+                                           VkSpecializationInfo specializationInfo){
-        var BuildInfo = new PipelineBuildInfo(shaderModules, VertexBufferStruct.GetVertexInput(), new int[]{COLOUR_FORMAT, COLOUR_FORMAT})
+        if (EngineConfig.getInstance().RecompileShaders()) {
-                .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(descriptorSetLayouts)
+            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_vertex_shader);
-                .BlendingIsUsed(true);
+            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(fragmentShader, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_fragment_shader);
-        var PipeLine = new DefaultPipeline(VkCtx, BuildInfo);
-        VertexBufferStruct.CleanUp();
-        return PipeLine;
         }
-
+        ShaderModule[] shaderModules = {
-    private static Pipeline CreateSingleOutputPipeline(VulkanContext VkCtx, ShaderModule[] shaderModules, DescriptorSetLayout[] descriptorSetLayouts){
+                new ShaderModule(VkCtx, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv", null),
+                new ShaderModule(VkCtx, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, fragmentShader + ".spv", specializationInfo)
+        };
         var VertexBufferStruct = new EmptyVertexBufferStruct();
+        try {
             var BuildInfo = new PipelineBuildInfo(shaderModules, VertexBufferStruct.GetVertexInput(), new int[]{COLOUR_FORMAT})
-                .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(descriptorSetLayouts)
+                    .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(new DescriptorSetLayout[]{descriptorSetLayout})
-                .BlendingIsUsed(true);
+                    .SetPushConstantRanges(new PushConstantsRange[]{new PushConstantsRange(VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, PASS_CONSTANT_SIZE)})
-        var PipeLine = new DefaultPipeline(VkCtx, BuildInfo);
+                    .SetDepthTest(false).SetDepthWrite(false).BlendingIsUsed(false);
+            return new DefaultPipeline(VkCtx, BuildInfo);
+        } finally {
             VertexBufferStruct.CleanUp();
-        return PipeLine;
+            Arrays.stream(shaderModules).forEach(shader -> shader.CleanUp(VkCtx));
+        }
     }
 
     private static VkRenderingInfo CreateRenderInfo(Attachment ColourAttachment, VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ColourAttachmentInfo){
-        VkRenderingInfo renderingInfo;
-        try(var MemStack = MemoryStack.stackPush()){
         Image image = ColourAttachment.GetVkImage();
-            VkExtent2D extent2D = VkExtent2D.calloc(MemStack).width(image.GetWidth()).height(image.GetHeight());
+        return VkRenderingInfo.calloc().sType$Default()
-            var RenderArea = VkRect2D.calloc(MemStack).extent(extent2D);
+                .renderArea(area -> area.offset(offset -> offset.set(0, 0)).extent(extent -> extent.set(image.GetWidth(), image.GetHeight())))
-
+                .layerCount(1).pColorAttachments(ColourAttachmentInfo);
-            renderingInfo = VkRenderingInfo.calloc()
-                    .sType$Default()
-                    .renderArea(RenderArea)
-                    .layerCount(1)
-                    .pColorAttachments(ColourAttachmentInfo);
-        }
-        return renderingInfo;
     }
 
-    private static void CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VulkanContext VkCtx, DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout, Attachment[] attachment, TextureSampler textureSampler, String descriptorID){
+    private void UpdateDescriptors(VulkanContext VkCtx, Attachment SrcAttachment){
+        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, List.of(SrcAttachment), DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT);
+        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, List.of(BloomPingAttachment), DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_ATTACHMENT);
+        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, List.of(BloomPongAttachment), DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATTACHMENT);
+        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, List.of(SrcAttachment, BloomPingAttachment), DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT);
+    }
+
+    private void CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VulkanContext VkCtx, DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout,
+                                                List<Attachment> attachments, String descriptorID){
         DescriptorAllocator descriptorAllocator = VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator();
-        Device device = VkCtx.GetDevice();
+        DescriptorSet descriptorSet = descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(descriptorID);
-        DescriptorSet descriptorSet = descriptorAllocator.AddDescriptorSets(device,descriptorID,1 , descriptorSetLayout)[0];
+        if (descriptorSet == null) descriptorSet = descriptorAllocator.AddDescriptorSet(VkCtx.GetDevice(), descriptorID, descriptorSetLayout);
-        List<ImageView> images = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<ImageView> images = attachments.stream().map(Attachment::GetVkImageView).toList();
-        for(int i = 0; i < attachment.length; i++) {
+        descriptorSet.SetImages(VkCtx.GetDevice(), images, textureSampler, 0);
-            images.add(attachment[i].GetVkImageView());
-        }
-        descriptorSet.SetImages(device,images,textureSampler,0);
     }
 
-
+    private static void BeginWrite(MemoryStack stack, VkCommandBuffer command, Attachment attachment, boolean initialized){
-    private static void CreateAttachmentDescriptorSet(VulkanContext VkCtx, DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout, Attachment attachment, TextureSampler textureSampler, String descriptorID){
+        VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, command, attachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-        DescriptorAllocator descriptorAllocator = VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator();
+                initialized ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
-        Device device = VkCtx.GetDevice();
+                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-        DescriptorSet descriptorSet = descriptorAllocator.AddDescriptorSets(device,descriptorID,1 , descriptorSetLayout)[0];
+                initialized ? VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT : VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE,
-        descriptorSet.SetImage(device,attachment.GetVkImageView(),textureSampler,0);
+                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                initialized ? VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT : VK_ACCESS_2_NONE, VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+                VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
     }
 
-    private static ShaderModule[] CreateBloomShaderModules(VulkanContext VkCtx, SpecializationConstants specConstants){
+    private static void EndWrite(MemoryStack stack, VkCommandBuffer command, Attachment attachment){
-        if(EngineConfig.getInstance().RecompileShaders()){
+        VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, command, attachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_vertex_shader);
+                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
-            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_fragment_shader);
+                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
-        }
+                VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-        return new ShaderModule[]{
-                new ShaderModule(VkCtx,VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_SPV,null),
-                new ShaderModule(VkCtx,VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,BLOOM_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV,null)
-        };
-
     }
 
-    private static ShaderModule[] CreateShaderModules(VulkanContext VkCtx, SpecializationConstants specConstants){
+    private static void Draw(VulkanContext VkCtx, MemoryStack stack, VkCommandBuffer command, Pipeline passPipeline,
-        String ShaderPath = SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL;
+                             Attachment target, VkRenderingInfo renderingInfo, String descriptorID, ByteBuffer constants){
-        if(EngineConfig.getInstance().RecompileShaders()){
+        vkCmdBeginRendering(command, renderingInfo);
-            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_vertex_shader);
+        vkCmdBindPipeline(command, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, passPipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
-            if(EngineConfig.getInstance().RenderAA() > 1) ShaderPath = MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL;
+        Image image = target.GetVkImage();
-            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(ShaderPath, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_fragment_shader);
+        vkCmdSetViewport(command, 0, VkViewport.calloc(1, stack).x(0).y(image.GetHeight())
-        }
+                .width(image.GetWidth()).height(-image.GetHeight()).minDepth(0.0f).maxDepth(1.0f));
-        ShaderPath = SINGLE_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV;
+        vkCmdSetScissor(command, 0, VkRect2D.calloc(1, stack)
-        if(EngineConfig.getInstance().RenderAA() > 1) ShaderPath = MULTI_PASS_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV;
+                .offset(offset -> offset.set(0, 0)).extent(extent -> extent.set(image.GetWidth(), image.GetHeight())));
-        return new ShaderModule[]{
+        vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, passPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(), 0,
-                new ShaderModule(VkCtx,VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_SPV,null),
+                stack.longs(VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().GetDescriptorSet(descriptorID).GetVkDescriptorSet()), null);
-                new ShaderModule(VkCtx,VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,ShaderPath,specConstants.GetSpecializationInfo())
+        vkCmdPushConstants(command, passPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(), VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, constants);
-        };
+        vkCmdDraw(command, 3, 1, 0, 0);
-
+        vkCmdEndRendering(command);
     }
 
     public void Render(VulkanContext VkCtx, CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Attachment SrcAttachment){
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer, true, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer, false, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer, false, true);
         try(var MemStack = MemoryStack.stackPush()){
-            SwapChain swapChain = VkCtx.GetSwapChain();
             VkCommandBuffer CommandHandle = commandBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer();
+            ByteBuffer constants = MemStack.malloc(PASS_CONSTANT_SIZE);
+            constants.putInt(0, 0);
+            constants.putFloat(4, Math.max(GAMMA, 0.001f));
+            constants.putFloat(8, Math.max(EXPOSURE, 0.0f));
+            constants.putFloat(12, Math.max(BLOOM_RADIUS, 0.0f));
+            constants.putFloat(16, BloomPingAttachment.GetVkImage().GetWidth());
+            constants.putFloat(20, BloomPingAttachment.GetVkImage().GetHeight());
 
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack, CommandHandle, SrcAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+            EndWrite(MemStack, CommandHandle, SrcAttachment);
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+            BeginWrite(MemStack, CommandHandle, BloomPingAttachment, attachmentsInitialized);
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+            if (bloomPasses == 0) {
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,ColourAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+                vkCmdBeginRendering(CommandHandle, BloomPingRenderingInfo);
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,BloomPingAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,BloomPongAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-            vkCmdBeginRendering(CommandHandle,RenderingInfo);
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,pipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
-
-            VkExtent2D SwapChainExtent = swapChain.GetSwapChainExtent();
-            int Width = SwapChainExtent.width();
-            int Height = SwapChainExtent.height();
-            var Viewport = VkViewport.calloc(1,MemStack)
-                    .x(0)
-                    .y(Height)
-                    .height(-Height)
-                    .width(Width)
-                    .minDepth(0.0f)
-                    .maxDepth(1.0f);
-            vkCmdSetViewport(CommandHandle,0,Viewport);
-
-            var Scissor = VkRect2D.calloc(1,MemStack)
-                    .extent(it->it.width(Width).height(Height))
-                    .offset(it->it.x(0).y(0));
-            vkCmdSetScissor(CommandHandle,0,Scissor);
-
-            DescriptorAllocator descriptorAllocator = VkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator();
-            LongBuffer DescriptorSets = MemStack.mallocLong(2)
-                    .put(0,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT).GetVkDescriptorSet())
-                    .put(1,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(DESCRIPTOR_ID_SCREEN_SIZE).GetVkDescriptorSet());
-            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,pipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0,DescriptorSets,null);
-            vkCmdDraw(CommandHandle,3,1,0,0);
                 vkCmdEndRendering(CommandHandle);
+            } else {
+                Draw(VkCtx, MemStack, CommandHandle, extractionPipeline, BloomPingAttachment, BloomPingRenderingInfo, DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT, constants);
+            }
+            EndWrite(MemStack, CommandHandle, BloomPingAttachment);
 
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,ColourAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+            for(int i = 0; i < bloomPasses; i++){
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                boolean writePong = (i & 1) == 0;
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,BloomPingAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-
-            int Passes = 10;
-            boolean bloomPongHasBeenWritten = false;
-
-            for(int i = 0; i < Passes; i++){
-                boolean writePong = i % 2 == 0;
-
-                Attachment srcBloomAttachment = writePong ? BloomPingAttachment : BloomPongAttachment;
                 Attachment dstBloomAttachment = writePong ? BloomPongAttachment : BloomPingAttachment;
                 VkRenderingInfo dstRenderingInfo = writePong ? BloomPongRenderingInfo : BloomPingRenderingInfo;
                 String srcDescriptorId = writePong ? DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_ATTACHMENT : DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATTACHMENT;
-                String bloomPropertiesDescriptorId = writePong ? DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_HORIZONTAL : DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_VERTICAL;
+                BeginWrite(MemStack, CommandHandle, dstBloomAttachment, attachmentsInitialized || i > 0);
+                constants.putInt(0, writePong ? 1 : 0);
+                Draw(VkCtx, MemStack, CommandHandle, bloomPipeline, dstBloomAttachment, dstRenderingInfo, srcDescriptorId, constants);
+                EndWrite(MemStack, CommandHandle, dstBloomAttachment);
+            }
 
-                int dstOldLayout = writePong && !bloomPongHasBeenWritten
+            // The UI/swapchain owns the final layout. Discard contents, not prior read/write dependencies.
-                        ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED
+            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack, CommandHandle, FinalAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                        : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,dstBloomAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                        dstOldLayout,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-                        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-                        VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+            Draw(VkCtx, MemStack, CommandHandle, pipeline, FinalAttachment, SingleRenderingInfo, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT, constants);
-                        VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+            attachmentsInitialized = true;
-
-                vkCmdBeginRendering(CommandHandle,dstRenderingInfo);
-                vkCmdBindPipeline(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,bloomPipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
-
-                vkCmdSetViewport(CommandHandle,0,Viewport);
-                vkCmdSetScissor(CommandHandle,0,Scissor);
-
-                LongBuffer BloomDescriptorSets = MemStack.mallocLong(2)
-                        .put(0,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(srcDescriptorId).GetVkDescriptorSet())
-                        .put(1,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(bloomPropertiesDescriptorId).GetVkDescriptorSet());
-                vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,bloomPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0,BloomDescriptorSets,null);
-
-                vkCmdDraw(CommandHandle,3,1,0,0);
-                vkCmdEndRendering(CommandHandle);
-
-                VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,dstBloomAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
-                        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
-                        VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,
-                        VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-
-                if(writePong){
-                    bloomPongHasBeenWritten = true;
         }
     }
 
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(MemStack,CommandHandle,FinalAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-                    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-
-            vkCmdBeginRendering(CommandHandle,SingleRenderingInfo);
-            vkCmdBindPipeline(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,bloomPipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
-
-            vkCmdSetViewport(CommandHandle,0,Viewport);
-
-            vkCmdSetScissor(CommandHandle,0,Scissor);
-            LongBuffer BloomDescriptorSets = MemStack.mallocLong(2)
-                    .put(0,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT).GetVkDescriptorSet())
-                    .put(1,descriptorAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PROPERTIES_FINAL).GetVkDescriptorSet());
-            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(CommandHandle,VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,bloomPipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0,BloomDescriptorSets,null);
-            vkCmdDraw(CommandHandle,3,1,0,0);
-
-            vkCmdEndRendering(CommandHandle);
-        }
-    }
     public void Resize(VulkanContext VkCtx, Attachment SrcAttachment){
-        RenderingInfo.free();;
+        CleanUpAttachments(VkCtx);
-        ColourAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        CreateAttachments(VkCtx);
-        ColourAttachmentInfo.free();
+        UpdateDescriptors(VkCtx, SrcAttachment);
-        ColourAttachment = CreateColourAttachment(VkCtx);
-        ColourAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ColourAttachment,ClearValueColour);
-        RenderingInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ColourAttachment,ColourAttachmentInfo);
-
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSet(VkCtx, AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout, SrcAttachment,textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{BloomPingAttachment, BloomPingAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{BloomPongAttachment, BloomPongAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_PONG_ATTACHMENT);
-        CreateAttachmentDescriptorSets(VkCtx, MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout[0], new Attachment[]{ColourAttachment, BloomPingAttachment},textureSampler, DESCRIPTOR_ID_BLOOM_IMAGE_ATTACHMENT);
-        SetScreenSizeBuffer(VkCtx);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer, true, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer, false, false);
-        SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VkCtx, BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer, false, true);
     }
 
-    private void SetScreenSizeBuffer(VulkanContext VkCtx){
+    private void CleanUpAttachments(VulkanContext VkCtx){
-        long MappedMemory = ScreenSizeBuffer.MapMemory(VkCtx);
+        BloomPingRenderingInfo.free();
-        FloatBuffer dataBuffer = MemoryUtil.memFloatBuffer(MappedMemory,(int)ScreenSizeBuffer.GetRequestedSize());
+        BloomPongRenderingInfo.free();
-        VkExtent2D SwapChainExtent = VkCtx.GetSwapChain().GetSwapChainExtent();
+        SingleRenderingInfo.free();
-        dataBuffer.put(0,SwapChainExtent.width());
+        BloomPingAttachmentInfo.free();
-        dataBuffer.put(1,SwapChainExtent.height());
+        BloomPongAttachmentInfo.free();
-        ScreenSizeBuffer.UnMapMemory(VkCtx);
+        FinalOutputInfo.free();
-    }
+        BloomPingAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-
+        BloomPongAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-    public static float GAMMA = 1.75f;
+        FinalAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-    public static float EXPOSURE = 2.5f;
-    public static float BLOOM_RADIUS = 2.5f;
-
-    private void SetBloomPropertiesBuffer(VulkanContext VkCtx, VulkanBuffer buffer, boolean horizontal, boolean Complete){
-        long MappedMemory = buffer.MapMemory(VkCtx);
-        ByteBuffer dataBuffer = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(MappedMemory,(int)buffer.GetRequestedSize());
-        int Offset = 0;
-        dataBuffer.putInt(Offset,Complete ? 1 : 0);
-        Offset += VulkanUtils.BOOLEAN_SIZE;
-        dataBuffer.putInt(Offset,horizontal ? 1 : 0);
-        Offset += VulkanUtils.BOOLEAN_SIZE;
-        dataBuffer.putFloat(Offset,GAMMA);
-        Offset += VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE;
-        dataBuffer.putFloat(Offset,EXPOSURE);
-        Offset += VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE;
-        dataBuffer.putFloat(Offset,BLOOM_RADIUS);
-        Offset += VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE;
-        buffer.UnMapMemory(VkCtx);
     }
 
     public Attachment GetAttachment(){return FinalAttachment;}
 
     public void CleanUp(VulkanContext VkCtx){
-        ClearValueColour.free();
+        CleanUpAttachments(VkCtx);
-        ColourAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        pipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-        BloomPingAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        bloomPipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-        BloomPongAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        extractionPipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-        FinalAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         textureSampler.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         AttachmentDescriptorSetLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-        FragmentUniformDescriptorSetLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        MultiAttachmentDescriptorSetLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);
-        pipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        ClearValueColour.free();
-        RenderingInfo.free();
-        ColourAttachmentInfo.free();
-        ScreenSizeBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
-        BloomPropertiesHorizontalBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
-        BloomPropertiesVerticalBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
-        BloomPropertiesFinalBuffer.cleanup(VkCtx);
         specConstants.CleanUp();
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/ScreenSpace/AmbientOcclusionRenderer.java

@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
     private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ssaoAttachmentInfo;
     private Attachment ssaoBlurAttachment;
     private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ssaoBlurAttachmentInfo;
-    private Attachment ssaoViewPosAttachment;
+    private Attachment viewPositionAttachment;
-    private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ssaoViewPosAttachmentInfo;
+    private boolean attachmentsInitialized;
-    private final Attachment[] SSAO_ATTACHMENTS = new Attachment[3];
+    private int sampleCount;
 
     private final Pipeline ssaoPipeline;
     private final Pipeline blurPipeline;
@@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
     private Attachment NoiseImageAttachment;
 
     public AmbientOcclusionRenderer(VulkanContext VkCtx, List<Attachment> MRTAttachments, Queue queue) {
+        viewPositionAttachment = MRTAttachments.get(7);
         List<Attachment> attachments = new ArrayList<>();
-        attachments.add(MRTAttachments.get(7)); // position
+        attachments.add(viewPositionAttachment);
         attachments.add(MRTAttachments.get(2)); // normal
         CreateAttachments(VkCtx);
         clearColour = VkClearValue.calloc().color(
-                c -> c.float32(0, 0.0f).float32(1, 0.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
+                c -> c.float32(0, 1.0f).float32(1, 0.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
         ssaoAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssaoAttachment, clearColour);
         ssaoBlurAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssaoBlurAttachment, clearColour);
-        ssaoViewPosAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssaoViewPosAttachment, clearColour);
         var textureSamplerInfo = new TextureSamplerInfo(VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, true);
+                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, false);
         textureSampler = new TextureSampler(VkCtx, textureSamplerInfo);
 
         ByteBuffer NoiseTexturedata = SSAO_Utils.GenerateNoiseTexture();
@@ -173,9 +173,9 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
         var vtxBuffStruct = new EmptyVertexBufferStruct();
         int[] formats;
         if(blur){
-            formats = new int[]{SSAO_BLUR_ATTACHMENT, VIEW_POS_FORMAT};
+            formats = new int[]{SSAO_BLUR_ATTACHMENT};
         } else {
-            formats = new int[]{SSAO_RAW_ATTACHMENT, VIEW_POS_FORMAT};
+            formats = new int[]{SSAO_RAW_ATTACHMENT};
         }
         var buildInfo = new PipelineBuildInfo(shaderModules, vtxBuffStruct.GetVertexInput(),formats)
                 .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(descSetLayouts)
@@ -235,8 +235,11 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
     }
 
     private void CreateSSAOAttachmentDescriptorSet(VulkanContext vkCtx, List<Attachment> Attachments ) {
-        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().GetDescriptorSet(DESC_ID_SSAO_ATTACHMENTS);
-                vkCtx.GetDevice(),  DESC_ID_SSAO_ATTACHMENTS,ssaoAttachmentDescriptorLayout );
+        if (descSet == null) {
+            descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+                    vkCtx.GetDevice(), DESC_ID_SSAO_ATTACHMENTS, ssaoAttachmentDescriptorLayout);
+        }
 
         List<ImageView> imageViews = new ArrayList<>();
         Attachments.forEach(a -> imageViews.add(a.GetVkImageView()));
@@ -246,12 +249,15 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
 
 
     private void CreateBlurDescriptorSet(VulkanContext vkCtx) {
-        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().GetDescriptorSet(DESC_ID_SSAO_BLUR_INPUT);
-                vkCtx.GetDevice(),DESC_ID_SSAO_BLUR_INPUT, blurDescriptorLayout);
+        if (descSet == null) {
+            descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+                    vkCtx.GetDevice(), DESC_ID_SSAO_BLUR_INPUT, blurDescriptorLayout);
+        }
 
         List<ImageView> imageViews = new ArrayList<>();
         imageViews.add(ssaoAttachment.GetVkImageView());
-        imageViews.add(ssaoViewPosAttachment.GetVkImageView());
+        imageViews.add(viewPositionAttachment.GetVkImageView());
 
         descSet.SetImages(vkCtx.GetDevice(), imageViews,textureSampler,0);
     }
@@ -259,21 +265,20 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
     private void CreateAttachments(VulkanContext VkCtx){
         SwapChain swapChain = VkCtx.GetSwapChain();
         VkExtent2D swapChainExtent = swapChain.GetSwapChainExtent();
-
+        var config = EngineConfig.getInstance();
-        float AspectRatio = (float)swapChainExtent.width()/(float)swapChainExtent.height();
+        float scale = config.GetSSAOScale();
-        int Width = swapChainExtent.width();
+        int Width = ScaledExtent(swapChainExtent.width(), scale);
-        int Height = swapChainExtent.height();
+        int Height = ScaledExtent(swapChainExtent.height(), scale);
-        int RawWidth = (int)(Math.round(Math.min(swapChainExtent.width()/2.0f, 1920 * AspectRatio)));
+        sampleCount = config.GetSSAOSamples();
-        int RawHeight = (int)(Math.round(Math.min(swapChainExtent.height()/2.0f, 1080)));
+        attachmentsInitialized = false;
         //SSAO Raw
         ssaoAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, Width, Height, SSAO_RAW_ATTACHMENT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
-        SSAO_ATTACHMENTS[0] = ssaoAttachment;
         //SSAO Blur
         ssaoBlurAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, Width, Height, SSAO_BLUR_ATTACHMENT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
-        SSAO_ATTACHMENTS[1] = ssaoBlurAttachment;
+    }
 
-        ssaoViewPosAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, Width, Height, VIEW_POS_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
+    static int ScaledExtent(int size, float scale) {
-        SSAO_ATTACHMENTS[1] = ssaoViewPosAttachment;
+        return Math.max(1, Math.round(size * scale));
     }
 
     public void Render(VulkanContext VkCtx,EngineInstance engineInstance, CommandBuffer cmdBuffer, MultiRenderTargetAttachments MRT,int CurrentFrame) {
@@ -285,20 +290,11 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
             UpdateSSAOInfo(VkCtx, engineInstance, CurrentFrame);
 
             VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, ssaoAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
                     VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT : VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE,
                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT : VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-                    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
-
-            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, ssaoViewPosAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,
                     VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
 
@@ -335,11 +331,11 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
 
             VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, ssaoBlurAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
                     VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT : VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE,
                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT : VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,
                     VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
 
@@ -367,6 +363,7 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
                     VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
                     VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT,
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+            attachmentsInitialized = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -405,6 +402,8 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
         vkCmdSetScissor(cmdHandle, 0, scissor);
     }
 
+    // Retained for the legacy debug overlay; attachment quality comes from EngineConfig on resize.
+    @Deprecated
     public static float SSAO_RESOLUTION_SCALE = 0.5f;
 
     private void UpdateSSAOInfo(VulkanContext vkCtx, EngineInstance engineInstance, int currentFrame) {
@@ -425,10 +424,7 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
         data.putFloat(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2, SSAO_RADIUS);
         data.putFloat(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 3, SSAO_BIAS);
         offset += VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE;
-        data.putInt(offset, SSAO_KERNEL_SIZE);
+        data.putInt(offset, sampleCount);
-        offset +=VulkanUtils.INT_SIZE;
-        data.putFloat(offset, SSAO_RESOLUTION_SCALE);
-        offset += VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE;
         buffer.UnMapMemory(vkCtx);
     }
 
@@ -444,6 +440,7 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
         ssaoBlurAttachmentInfo.free();
         ssaoBlurAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
 
+        viewPositionAttachment = attachments.get(0);
         CreateAttachments(VkCtx);
 
         ssaoAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssaoAttachment, clearColour);
@@ -451,9 +448,7 @@ public class AmbientOcclusionRenderer {
         ssaoRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ssaoAttachment, ssaoAttachmentInfo,true);
         ssaoBlurRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ssaoBlurAttachment, ssaoBlurAttachmentInfo,false);
 
-        attachments.add(NoiseImageAttachment);
+        CreateSSAOAttachmentDescriptorSet(VkCtx, List.of(attachments.get(0), attachments.get(1), NoiseImageAttachment));
-
-        CreateSSAOAttachmentDescriptorSet(VkCtx,attachments);
         CreateBlurDescriptorSet(VkCtx);
     }
 

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/ScreenSpace/ReflectionsRenderer.java

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.DisplayToS
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Structure.SwapChain.SwapChain;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanBuffer;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
-import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 import org.lwjgl.util.shaderc.Shaderc;
@@ -35,16 +34,15 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
 
     private static final long SSR_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE =
             VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE + // projection
-                    VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE + // projection inv
                     VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE + // view
-                    VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE + // view inv
                     VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE  +    // steps, distance, max steps
                     VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE; //Camera
     public static float STEP_SIZE = 0.25f;
     public static float MAX_DIST = 200.0f;
-    public static int MAX_STEPS = 64;
     private static final String DESC_ID_SSR_ATTACHMENTS = "SSR_DESC_ID_ATTACHMENTS";
     private static final String DESC_ID_SSR_INFO = "SSR_DESC_ID_INFO";
+    private static final String DESC_ID_SSR_COMPOSITE = "SSR_DESC_ID_COMPOSITE";
+    private static final String COMPOSITE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/ssr_composite_frag.glsl";
 
     private static final String FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL = "resources/EngineResources/shaders/screen_space_reflection_frag.glsl";
     private static final String FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_SPV = FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv";
@@ -53,8 +51,14 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
     private Attachment ssrAttachment;
     private Attachment renderedSceneAttachment;
     private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer ssrAttachmentInfo;
+    private Attachment compositeAttachment;
+    private VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer compositeAttachmentInfo;
+    private VkRenderingInfo compositeRenderInfo;
+    private boolean attachmentsInitialized;
+    private int maxSteps;
 
     private final Pipeline ssrPipeline;
+    private final Pipeline compositePipeline;
     private final TextureSampler textureSampler;
 
     private DescriptorSetLayout ssrAttachmentDescriptorLayout;
@@ -78,8 +82,9 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
         clearColour = VkClearValue.calloc().color(
                 c -> c.float32(0, 0.0f).float32(1, 0.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
         ssrAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssrAttachment, clearColour);
+        compositeAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(compositeAttachment, clearColour);
         var textureSamplerInfo = new TextureSamplerInfo(VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, true);
+                VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK, 1, false);
         textureSampler = new TextureSampler(VkCtx, textureSamplerInfo);
 
         int numAttachments = attachments.size();
@@ -97,6 +102,7 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, DESC_ID_SSR_INFO,ssrInfoDescriptorLayout);
 
         ssrRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ssrAttachment, ssrAttachmentInfo,true);
+        compositeRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(compositeAttachment, compositeAttachmentInfo, false);
 
         ShaderModule[] shaderModules = CreateRawShaderModules(VkCtx);
         ssrPipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, shaderModules,
@@ -105,6 +111,15 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
                         ssrInfoDescriptorLayout
                 });
         Arrays.stream(shaderModules).toList().forEach(shaderModule -> shaderModule.CleanUp(VkCtx));
+        if (EngineConfig.getInstance().RecompileShaders()) {
+            ShaderCompiler.CompileGLSLShaderOnChange(COMPOSITE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL, Shaderc.shaderc_glsl_fragment_shader);
+        }
+        shaderModules = new ShaderModule[]{
+                new ShaderModule(VkCtx, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, VERTEX_SHADER_FILE_SPV, null),
+                new ShaderModule(VkCtx, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, COMPOSITE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE_GLSL + ".spv", null)
+        };
+        compositePipeline = CreatePipeline(VkCtx, shaderModules, new DescriptorSetLayout[]{ssrAttachmentDescriptorLayout});
+        Arrays.stream(shaderModules).toList().forEach(shaderModule -> shaderModule.CleanUp(VkCtx));
     }
 
 
@@ -162,13 +177,23 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
     }
 
     private void CreateSSRAttachmentDescriptorSet(VulkanContext vkCtx, List<Attachment> Attachments ) {
-        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+        DescriptorSet descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().GetDescriptorSet(DESC_ID_SSR_ATTACHMENTS);
+        if (descSet == null) {
+            descSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
                     vkCtx.GetDevice(), DESC_ID_SSR_ATTACHMENTS, ssrAttachmentDescriptorLayout);
+        }
 
         List<ImageView> imageViews = new ArrayList<>();
         Attachments.forEach(a -> imageViews.add(a.GetVkImageView()));
 
         descSet.SetImages(vkCtx.GetDevice(), imageViews, textureSampler, 0);
+        DescriptorSet compositeSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().GetDescriptorSet(DESC_ID_SSR_COMPOSITE);
+        if (compositeSet == null) {
+            compositeSet = vkCtx.GetDescriptorAllocator().AddDescriptorSet(
+                    vkCtx.GetDevice(), DESC_ID_SSR_COMPOSITE, ssrAttachmentDescriptorLayout);
+        }
+        compositeSet.SetImages(vkCtx.GetDevice(), List.of(renderedSceneAttachment.GetVkImageView(),
+                ssrAttachment.GetVkImageView(), Attachments.get(3).GetVkImageView(), Attachments.get(2).GetVkImageView()), textureSampler, 0);
     }
 
 
@@ -178,13 +203,21 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
         SwapChain swapChain = VkCtx.GetSwapChain();
         VkExtent2D swapChainExtent = swapChain.GetSwapChainExtent();
 
-        float AspectRatio = (float)swapChainExtent.width()/(float)swapChainExtent.height();
         int Width = swapChainExtent.width();
         int Height = swapChainExtent.height();
-        int RawWidth = (int)(Math.round(Math.min(swapChainExtent.width()/2.0f, 1920 * AspectRatio)));
+        var config = EngineConfig.getInstance();
-        int RawHeight = (int)(Math.round(Math.min(swapChainExtent.height()/2.0f, 1080)));
+        float scale = config.GetSSRScale();
+        int RawWidth = ScaledExtent(Width, scale);
+        int RawHeight = ScaledExtent(Height, scale);
+        maxSteps = config.GetSSRMaxSteps();
+        attachmentsInitialized = false;
         //SSR Raw
-        ssrAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, Width, Height, SSR_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
+        ssrAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, RawWidth, RawHeight, SSR_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
+        compositeAttachment = new Attachment(VkCtx, Width, Height, SSR_FORMAT, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, 1);
+    }
+
+    static int ScaledExtent(int size, float scale) {
+        return Math.max(1, Math.round(size * scale));
     }
 
     public void Render(VulkanContext VkCtx,EngineInstance engineInstance, CommandBuffer cmdBuffer, int CurrentFrame) {
@@ -201,9 +234,11 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
 
             VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, ssrAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
-                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
-                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-                    VK_ACCESS_2_NONE, VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT : VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE,
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                    attachmentsInitialized ? VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT : VK_ACCESS_2_NONE, VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
 
             vkCmdBeginRendering(cmdHandle, ssrRenderInfo);
@@ -223,6 +258,27 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
             vkCmdDraw(cmdHandle, 3, 1, 0, 0);
 
             vkCmdEndRendering(cmdHandle);
+
+            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, ssrAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+            // Discard old contents, but wait for the previous frame's post-process reads.
+            VulkanUtils.ImageBarrier(stack, cmdHandle, compositeAttachment.GetVkImage().getVulkanImage(),
+                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+                    VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+            vkCmdBeginRendering(cmdHandle, compositeRenderInfo);
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, compositePipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
+            SetViewportAndScissor(stack, cmdHandle, compositeAttachment);
+            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                    compositePipeline.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(), 0,
+                    stack.longs(descAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(DESC_ID_SSR_COMPOSITE).GetVkDescriptorSet()), null);
+            vkCmdDraw(cmdHandle, 3, 1, 0, 0);
+            vkCmdEndRendering(cmdHandle);
+            attachmentsInitialized = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -247,7 +303,7 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
 
 
     public Attachment GetSSRAttachment() {
-        return ssrAttachment;
+        return compositeAttachment;
     }
 
     private void UpdateSSRInfo(VulkanContext vkCtx, EngineInstance engineInstance, int currentFrame) {
@@ -259,16 +315,12 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
 
         engineInstance.scene().GetProjection().GetProjectionMatrix().get(offset, data);
         offset += VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE;
-        engineInstance.scene().GetProjection().GetProjectionMatrix().invert(new Matrix4f()).get(offset, data);
-        offset += VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE;
         engineInstance.scene().GetCamera().GetViewMatrix().get(offset, data);
         offset += VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE;
-        engineInstance.scene().GetCamera().GetViewMatrix().invert(new Matrix4f()).get(offset, data);
-        offset += VulkanUtils.MATRIX4X4_SIZE;
 
         data.putFloat(offset, STEP_SIZE);
         data.putFloat(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE, MAX_DIST);
-        data.putInt(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2, MAX_STEPS);
+        data.putInt(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 2, maxSteps);
         data.putInt(offset + VulkanUtils.FLOAT_SIZE * 3, 0);
         offset += VulkanUtils.VEC4_SIZE;
 
@@ -283,6 +335,9 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
         ssrRenderInfo.free();
         ssrAttachmentInfo.free();
         ssrAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        compositeRenderInfo.free();
+        compositeAttachmentInfo.free();
+        compositeAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
 
         renderedSceneAttachment = attachments.get(0);
 
@@ -290,6 +345,8 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
 
         ssrAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(ssrAttachment, clearColour);
         ssrRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(ssrAttachment, ssrAttachmentInfo,true);
+        compositeAttachmentInfo = CreateColourAttachmentInfo(compositeAttachment, clearColour);
+        compositeRenderInfo = CreateRenderInfo(compositeAttachment, compositeAttachmentInfo, false);
         CreateSSRAttachmentDescriptorSet(VkCtx, attachments);
     }
 
@@ -298,6 +355,10 @@ public class ReflectionsRenderer {
         ssrAttachmentInfo.free();
         ssrAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         ssrPipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        compositeRenderInfo.free();
+        compositeAttachmentInfo.free();
+        compositeAttachment.CleanUp(VkCtx);
+        compositePipeline.CleanUp(VkCtx);
         clearColour.free();
         Arrays.stream(ssrInfoBuffers).toList().forEach(b -> b.cleanup(VkCtx));
         ssrAttachmentDescriptorLayout.CleanUp(VkCtx);

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/Shadows/ShadowRenderer.java

@@ -125,6 +125,12 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
         newPipeline = createPipeline(VulkanContext, shaderModules, new DescriptorSetLayout[]{uniformGeomDescriptorSetLayout, textDescriptorSetLayout,
                 descLayoutFrgStorage});
         Arrays.asList(shaderModules).forEach(s -> s.CleanUp(VulkanContext));
+        shaderModules = createPackedVertexShaderModules(VulkanContext);
+        Pipeline newPipelinePacked = CreateVoxelPipeline(VulkanContext, shaderModules, new DescriptorSetLayout[]{
+                uniformGeomDescriptorSetLayout, textDescriptorSetLayout, descLayoutFrgStorage,
+                VoxelWorldManager.Resources().faceGraphicsLayout()
+        });
+        Arrays.asList(shaderModules).forEach(s -> s.CleanUp(VulkanContext));
 
         VkRenderingInfo OldRenderInfo = renderingInfo;
         Attachment OldColourAttachment = colorAttachment;
@@ -132,6 +138,7 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
         VkRenderingAttachmentInfo OldDepthAttachmentInfo = depthAttachmentInfo;
         VkRenderingAttachmentInfo.Buffer OldColourAttachmentInfo = colorAttachmentInfo;
         Pipeline OldPipeline = pipeline;
+        Pipeline oldPipelinePacked = pipelinePacked;
 
         renderingInfo = NewRenderInfo;
         colorAttachment = newColourAttachment;
@@ -139,6 +146,7 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
         depthAttachmentInfo = newDepthAttachmentInfo;
         colorAttachmentInfo = newColourAttachmentInfo;
         pipeline = newPipeline;
+        pipelinePacked = newPipelinePacked;
 
         OldRenderInfo.free();
         OldDepthAttachmentInfo.free();
@@ -146,13 +154,14 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
         OldColourAttachmentInfo.free();
         OldColourAttachment.CleanUp(VulkanContext);
         OldPipeline.CleanUp(VulkanContext);
+        oldPipelinePacked.CleanUp(VulkanContext);
 
     }
 
     public ShadowRenderer(VulkanContext VulkanContext) {
         ClearValueColour = VkClearValue.calloc().color(
-                c -> c.float32(0, 0.0f).float32(1, 0.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
+                c -> c.float32(0, 1.0f).float32(1, 1.0f).float32(2, 0.0f).float32(3, 0.0f));
-        ClearValueDepth = VkClearValue.calloc().color(c -> c.float32(0, 1.0f));
+        ClearValueDepth = VkClearValue.calloc().depthStencil(d -> d.depth(1.0f).stencil(0));
 
         depthAttachment = createDepthAttachment(VulkanContext);
         depthAttachmentInfo = createDepthAttachmentInfo(depthAttachment, ClearValueDepth);
@@ -241,7 +250,7 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
                         })
                 .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(DescriptorSetLayouts)
                 .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(DescriptorSetLayouts)
-                .SetDepthClamp(VulkanContext.GetDevice().getDepthClamp())
+                .SetDepthClamp(false)
                 .CullMode(VK_CULL_MODE_FRONT_BIT)
                 .DepthBuffer(VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
         var pipeline = new DefaultPipeline(VulkanContext, buildInfo);
@@ -267,7 +276,7 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
                                     new PushConstantsRange(VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, PUSH_CONSTANTS_SIZE)
                             })
                     .SetDescriptorSetLayouts(DescriptorSetLayouts)
-                    .SetDepthClamp(VkCtx.GetDevice().getDepthClamp())
+                    .SetDepthClamp(false)
                     .CullMode(VK_CULL_MODE_FRONT_BIT)
                     .DepthBuffer(VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
 
@@ -366,7 +375,7 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
         try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
             IScene scene = engCtx.scene();
 
-            ShadowUtils.updateCascadeShadows(cascadeShadows[currentFrame], scene);
+            boolean validCascades = ShadowUtils.updateCascadeShadows(cascadeShadows[currentFrame], scene);
 
             VkCommandBuffer cmdHandle = cmdBuffer.GetVulkanCommandBuffer();
 
@@ -384,6 +393,10 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
                     VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
 
             vkCmdBeginRendering(cmdHandle, renderingInfo);
+            if (!validCascades) {
+                vkCmdEndRendering(cmdHandle);
+                return;
+            }
 
             vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline.GetVulkanPipeline());
 
@@ -451,7 +464,12 @@ public class ShadowRenderer {
                     .put(3, descAllocator.GetDescriptorSet(VoxelWorldManager.Resources().faceGraphicsDescriptorId()).GetVkDescriptorSet());
             vkCmdBindPipeline(cmdHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelinePacked.GetVulkanPipeline());
             vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdHandle, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelinePacked.GetVulkanPipelineLayout(),0,descriptorSets,null);
-            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(cmdHandle,pipelinePacked,materialsCache,true);
+            List<CascadeData> cascadeDataList = cascadeShadows[currentFrame].GetCascadeData();
+            Matrix4f[] clipMatrices = new Matrix4f[cascadeDataList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < clipMatrices.length; i++) {
+                clipMatrices[i] = cascadeDataList.get(i).GetProjViewMatrix();
+            }
+            VoxelWorldManager.RecordRender(cmdHandle, pipelinePacked, materialsCache, true, clipMatrices);
             vkCmdEndRendering(cmdHandle);
         }
     }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/RenderPasses/Shadows/ShadowUtils.java

@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@ import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.EngineConfig;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Main.Scene.Camera;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Main.Scene.ILight;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Main.Scene.IScene;
-import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Main.Scene.SceneLightingManager;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Universal.Projection.Project3D;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.joml.Vector3f;
-import org.joml.Vector4f;
 
 import java.util.List;
 
@@ -21,11 +19,10 @@ public class ShadowUtils {
     private ShadowUtils() {
     }
 
-    public static void updateCascadeShadows(CascadeShadows cascadeShadows, IScene scene) {
+    public static boolean updateCascadeShadows(CascadeShadows cascadeShadows, IScene scene) {
         Camera camera = scene.GetCamera();
         Matrix4f viewMatrix = camera.GetViewMatrix();
-        Project3D projection = scene.GetProjection().GetNormalFarPlanes();
+        Project3D projection = scene.GetProjection();
-        Matrix4f projMatrix = projection.GetProjectionMatrix();
         ILight[] lights = scene.GetLightingManager().GetLights();
         int numLights = lights.length;
         ILight dirLight = null;
@@ -36,114 +33,112 @@ public class ShadowUtils {
             }
         }
         if (dirLight == null) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("Could not find directional light");
+            return disableCascades(cascadeShadows.GetCascadeData());
         }
         Vector3f lightPos = dirLight.GetPosition();
 
-        float[] cascadeSplits = new float[SceneLightingManager.SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT];
+        return updateCascadeShadows(cascadeShadows, viewMatrix, projection, lightPos,
-
+                EngineConfig.getInstance().MaxShadowDistance(), EngineConfig.getInstance().GetShadowMapSize());
-        float nearClip = projection.GetNearZ();//projection.GetNearZ();
+    }
-        float farClip =  EngineConfig.getInstance().MaxShadowDistance();//Math.min(projection.GetFarZ(), EngineConfig.getInstance().MaxShadowDistance());
-        float clipRange = farClip - nearClip;
-
-        float minZ = nearClip;
-        float maxZ = nearClip + clipRange;
-
-        float range = maxZ - minZ;
-        float ratio = maxZ / minZ;
 
+    static boolean updateCascadeShadows(CascadeShadows cascadeShadows, Matrix4f viewMatrix, Project3D projection,
+                                        Vector3f lightPos, float maxShadowDistance, int shadowMapSize) {
         List<CascadeData> cascadeDataList = cascadeShadows.GetCascadeData();
         int numCascades = cascadeDataList.size();
+        float nearClip = Math.min(projection.GetNearZ(), projection.GetFarZ());
+        float farClip = Math.min(Math.max(projection.GetNearZ(), projection.GetFarZ()), maxShadowDistance);
+        Matrix4f projMatrix = projection.GetProjectionMatrix();
+        if (numCascades == 0 || !Float.isFinite(maxShadowDistance) || !Float.isFinite(nearClip)
+                || !Float.isFinite(farClip) || nearClip <= 0.0f || farClip <= nearClip || shadowMapSize <= 4
+                || !viewMatrix.isFinite() || !projMatrix.isFinite() || !lightPos.isFinite()) {
+            return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
+        }
 
-        // Calculate split depths based on view camera frustum
+        double lightLength = Math.sqrt((double) lightPos.x * lightPos.x + (double) lightPos.y * lightPos.y
-        // Based on method presented in https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/GPUGems3/gpugems3_ch10.html
+                + (double) lightPos.z * lightPos.z);
+        if (lightLength == 0.0) {
+            return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
+        }
+        Vector3f lightDir = new Vector3f((float) (lightPos.x / lightLength), (float) (lightPos.y / lightLength),
+                (float) (lightPos.z / lightLength));
+        Vector3f up = Math.abs(lightDir.dot(UP)) > 0.99f ? UP_ALT : UP;
+        Matrix4f lightViewMatrix = new Matrix4f().lookAt(new Vector3f(), lightDir, up);
+        Matrix4f invCam = new Matrix4f(viewMatrix).invert();
+        Matrix4f viewToLight = new Matrix4f(lightViewMatrix).mul(invCam);
+        Matrix4f inverseProjection = new Matrix4f(projMatrix).invert();
+
+        // Unproject inside Vulkan's 0..1 depth range, not at a possibly infinite far plane.
+        // Rays scaled to view-space depth work with both normal and reversed camera projections.
+        Vector3f[] rays = new Vector3f[4];
+        for (int j = 0; j < rays.length; j++) {
+            Vector3f ray = inverseProjection.transformProject(new Vector3f((j & 1) == 0 ? -1 : 1,
+                    (j & 2) == 0 ? -1 : 1, 0.5f));
+            if (!ray.isFinite() || ray.z >= 0.0f) {
+                return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
+            }
+            rays[j] = ray.div(-ray.z);
+        }
+
+        float lastSplitDist = nearClip;
         for (int i = 0; i < numCascades; i++) {
-            float p = (i + 1) / (float) (SceneLightingManager.SHADOW_MAP_CASCADE_COUNT);
+            double p = (i + 1.0) / numCascades;
-            float log = (float) (minZ * java.lang.Math.pow(ratio, p));
+            double log = nearClip * Math.pow((double) farClip / nearClip, p);
-            float uniform = minZ + range * p;
+            double uniform = nearClip + ((double) farClip - nearClip) * p;
-            float d = LAMBDA * (log - uniform) + uniform;
+            float splitDist = i == numCascades - 1 ? farClip : (float) (LAMBDA * (log - uniform) + uniform);
-            cascadeSplits[i] = (d - nearClip) / clipRange;
+            if (splitDist <= lastSplitDist) {
+                return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
             }
 
-        float lastSplitDist = 0.0f;
+            Vector3f minExtents = new Vector3f(Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
-        for (int i = 0; i < numCascades; i++) {
+            Vector3f maxExtents = new Vector3f(Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
-            float splitDist = cascadeSplits[i];
+            Vector3f corner = new Vector3f();
-
-            Vector3f[] frustumCorners = new Vector3f[]{
-                    new Vector3f(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f),
-                    new Vector3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f),
-            };
-
-            // Project frustum corners into world space
-            var invCam = (new Matrix4f(projMatrix).mul(viewMatrix)).invert();
             for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-                Vector4f invCorner = new Vector4f(frustumCorners[j], 1.0f).mul(invCam);
+                corner.set(rays[j & 3]).mul(j < 4 ? lastSplitDist : splitDist);
-                frustumCorners[j] = new Vector3f(invCorner.x, invCorner.y, invCorner.z).div(invCorner.w);
+                viewToLight.transformPosition(corner);
+                if (!corner.isFinite()) {
+                    return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
+                }
+                minExtents.min(corner);
+                maxExtents.max(corner);
             }
 
-            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+            // Tight light-space XY bounds; reserve two texels per edge for snapping and the 3x3 filter.
-                var dist = new Vector3f(frustumCorners[j + 4]).sub(frustumCorners[j]);
+            float width = paddedExtent(maxExtents.x - minExtents.x, shadowMapSize);
-                frustumCorners[j + 4] = new Vector3f(frustumCorners[j]).add(new Vector3f(dist).mul(splitDist));
+            float height = paddedExtent(maxExtents.y - minExtents.y, shadowMapSize);
-                frustumCorners[j] = new Vector3f(frustumCorners[j]).add(new Vector3f(dist).mul(lastSplitDist));
+            float centerX = minExtents.x * 0.5f + maxExtents.x * 0.5f;
+            float centerY = minExtents.y * 0.5f + maxExtents.y * 0.5f;
+            float snappedX = (float) Math.rint((double) centerX / (width / shadowMapSize));
+            float snappedY = (float) Math.rint((double) centerY / (height / shadowMapSize));
+
+            // Include off-camera casters up to the coverage distance toward the light.
+            // Shadow depth remains forward 0..1 regardless of the camera's depth convention.
+            Matrix4f lightOrthoMatrix = new Matrix4f().ortho(-width * 0.5f, width * 0.5f,
+                    -height * 0.5f, height * 0.5f, -maxExtents.z - farClip, -minExtents.z + 1.0f, true);
+            lightOrthoMatrix.m30(-2.0f * snappedX / shadowMapSize);
+            lightOrthoMatrix.m31(-2.0f * snappedY / shadowMapSize);
+            lightOrthoMatrix.mul(lightViewMatrix);
+            if (!Float.isFinite(width) || !Float.isFinite(height) || !lightOrthoMatrix.isFinite()) {
+                return disableCascades(cascadeDataList);
             }
 
-            var frustumCenter = new Vector3f(0.0f);
-            for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-                frustumCenter.add(frustumCorners[j]);
-            }
-            frustumCenter.div(8.0f);
-
-            var up = UP;
-            float sphereRadius = 0.0f;
-            for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-                float dist = new Vector3f(frustumCorners[j]).sub(frustumCenter).length();
-                sphereRadius = java.lang.Math.max(sphereRadius, dist);
-            }
-            sphereRadius = (float) java.lang.Math.ceil(sphereRadius * 16.0f) / 16.0f;
-
-            var maxExtents = new Vector3f(sphereRadius, sphereRadius, sphereRadius);
-            var minExtents = new Vector3f(maxExtents).mul(-1.0f);
-
-            var lightDir = new Vector3f(lightPos.x, lightPos.y, lightPos.z);
-            var shadowCameraPos = new Vector3f(frustumCenter).add(lightDir.mul(minExtents.z));
-
-            float dot = java.lang.Math.abs(new Vector3f(lightPos.x, lightPos.y, lightPos.z).dot(up));
-            if (dot == 1.0f) {
-                up = UP_ALT;
-            }
-
-            var lightViewMatrix = new Matrix4f().lookAt(shadowCameraPos, frustumCenter, up);
-            var lightOrthoMatrix = new Matrix4f().ortho
-                    (minExtents.x, maxExtents.x, minExtents.y, maxExtents.y, 0.0f, maxExtents.z - minExtents.z, true);
-
-            int shadowMapSize = EngineConfig.getInstance().GetShadowMapSize();
-            Vector4f shadowOrigin = new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-            lightViewMatrix.transform(shadowOrigin);
-            shadowOrigin.mul(shadowMapSize / 2.0f);
-
-            Vector4f roundedOrigin = new Vector4f(shadowOrigin).round();
-            Vector4f roundOffset = roundedOrigin.sub(shadowOrigin);
-            roundOffset.mul(2.0f / shadowMapSize);
-            roundOffset.z = 0.0f;
-            roundOffset.w = 0.0f;
-
-            lightOrthoMatrix.m30(lightOrthoMatrix.m30() + roundOffset.x);
-            lightOrthoMatrix.m31(lightOrthoMatrix.m31() + roundOffset.y);
-            lightOrthoMatrix.m32(lightOrthoMatrix.m32() + roundOffset.z);
-            lightOrthoMatrix.m33(lightOrthoMatrix.m33() + roundOffset.w);
-
-            // Store split distance and matrix in cascade
             CascadeData cascadeData = cascadeDataList.get(i);
-            cascadeData.SetSplitDistance((nearClip + splitDist * clipRange) * -1.0f);
+            cascadeData.SetSplitDistance(-splitDist);
-            cascadeData.SetProjectionViewMatrix(lightOrthoMatrix.mul(lightViewMatrix));
+            cascadeData.SetProjectionViewMatrix(lightOrthoMatrix);
-
+            lastSplitDist = splitDist;
-            lastSplitDist = cascadeSplits[i];
         }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static float paddedExtent(float extent, int shadowMapSize) {
+        double rounded = Math.max(1.0 / 16.0, Math.ceil((double) extent * 16.0) / 16.0);
+        return (float) (rounded * shadowMapSize / (shadowMapSize - 4.0));
+    }
+
+    private static boolean disableCascades(List<CascadeData> cascadeDataList) {
+        for (CascadeData cascadeData : cascadeDataList) {
+            cascadeData.SetSplitDistance(0.0f);
+            cascadeData.GetProjViewMatrix().identity();
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/Shader/ShaderCompiler.java

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ public class ShaderCompiler {
     public static byte[] CompileShader(String ShaderCode, int ShaderType, boolean HLSLshader){
         long Compiler = 0;
         long Options = 0;
+        long CompilationResult = 0;
         byte[] CompiledShader;
         try{
             Compiler = Shaderc.shaderc_compiler_initialize();
@@ -22,9 +23,11 @@ public class ShaderCompiler {
             if(EngineConfig.getInstance().DebugShaders()){
                 Shaderc.shaderc_compile_options_set_generate_debug_info(Options);
                 Shaderc.shaderc_compile_options_set_optimization_level(Options,0);
+            } else {
+                Shaderc.shaderc_compile_options_set_optimization_level(Options, Shaderc.shaderc_optimization_level_performance);
             }
             Shaderc.shaderc_compile_options_set_source_language(Options, HLSLshader ? Shaderc.shaderc_source_language_hlsl : Shaderc.shaderc_source_language_glsl);
-            long CompilationResult = Shaderc.shaderc_compile_into_spv(
+            CompilationResult = Shaderc.shaderc_compile_into_spv(
                     Compiler,
                     ShaderCode,
                     ShaderType,
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ public class ShaderCompiler {
             CompiledShader = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
             buffer.get(CompiledShader);
         } finally{
+            if (CompilationResult != 0) Shaderc.shaderc_result_release(CompilationResult);
             Shaderc.shaderc_compile_options_release(Options);
             Shaderc.shaderc_compiler_release(Compiler);
         }
@@ -52,11 +56,15 @@ public class ShaderCompiler {
         try{
             var glslFile = new File(ShaderFile);
             var spvFile = new File(ShaderFile + ".spv");
-            if(!spvFile.exists() || glslFile.lastModified() > spvFile.lastModified()){
+            var optionsFile = new File(ShaderFile + ".spv.options");
+            String options = "performance-v1:debug=" + EngineConfig.getInstance().DebugShaders();
+            boolean optionsChanged = !optionsFile.exists() || !Files.readString(optionsFile.toPath()).equals(options);
+            if(!spvFile.exists() || glslFile.lastModified() > spvFile.lastModified() || optionsChanged){
                 Logger.debug("Compiling new [{}] shader from [{}] source",spvFile.getPath(),glslFile.getPath());
                 var ShaderCode = new String(Files.readAllBytes(glslFile.toPath()));
                 CompiledShader = CompileShader(ShaderCode, ShaderType, false);
                 Files.write(spvFile.toPath(), CompiledShader);
+                Files.writeString(optionsFile.toPath(), options);
             } else{
                 Logger.debug("Loading Compiled Shader [{}]",spvFile.getPath());
             }

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Rendering/Shader/ShaderModule.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Rendering.Shader;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.Logic.Rendering.VulkanContext;
 import net.halbear.Terrain4J.EngineCore.RenderingAPI.Vulkan.Util.VulkanUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 import org.lwjgl.vulkan.VkShaderModuleCreateInfo;
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.vkCreateShaderModule;
 import static org.lwjgl.vulkan.VK13.vkDestroyShaderModule;
@@ -35,17 +36,26 @@ public class ShaderModule {
     }
 
     private static long CreateShaderModule(VulkanContext VkCtx, byte[] Code){
+        ByteBuffer CodePointer = CreateCodeBuffer(Code);
         try(var MemStack = MemoryStack.stackPush()){
-            ByteBuffer CodePointer = MemStack.malloc(Code.length).put(0,Code);
             var ShaderModuleCreateInfo = VkShaderModuleCreateInfo.calloc(MemStack)
                     .sType$Default()
                     .pCode(CodePointer);
             LongBuffer LongPoiner = MemStack.mallocLong(1);
             VulkanUtils.vkCheck(vkCreateShaderModule(VkCtx.GetDevice().FetchVulkanDevice(), ShaderModuleCreateInfo, null, LongPoiner),"Failed to create a new Shader Module");
             return LongPoiner.get(0);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtil.memFree(CodePointer);
         }
     }
 
+    static ByteBuffer CreateCodeBuffer(byte[] Code) {
+        if (Code.length == 0 || Code.length % Integer.BYTES != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SPIR-V must contain complete 32-bit words");
+        }
+        return MemoryUtil.memAlloc(Code.length).put(Code).flip();
+    }
+
     public VkSpecializationInfo GetSpecializationInfo(){return SpecializationInfo;}
 
     public void CleanUp(VulkanContext VkCtx){

src/main/java/net/halbear/Terrain4J/EngineCore/RenderingAPI/Vulkan/Structure/DeviceLayers/Device.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ public class Device {
     private final boolean depthClamp;
     private final VkDevice VulkanDevice;
     private final boolean SamplesAnisotropy;
+    private final boolean multiDrawIndirect;
+    private final boolean drawIndirectFirstInstance;
+    private final int maxDrawIndirectCount;
     public static final int VENDOR_AMD    = 0x1002;
     public static final int VENDOR_NVIDIA = 0x10DE;
     public static final int VENDOR_INTEL  = 0x8086;
@@ -66,6 +69,10 @@ public class Device {
             var features = features2.features();
 
             VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures SupportedFeatures = PhysDevice.GetPhysicalDeviceFeatures();
+            multiDrawIndirect = SupportedFeatures.multiDrawIndirect();
+            drawIndirectFirstInstance = SupportedFeatures.drawIndirectFirstInstance();
+            features.multiDrawIndirect(multiDrawIndirect);
+            features.drawIndirectFirstInstance(drawIndirectFirstInstance);
             SamplesAnisotropy = SupportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy();
             if(SamplesAnisotropy){
                 features.samplerAnisotropy(true);
@@ -83,8 +90,9 @@ public class Device {
                     .pQueueCreateInfos(QueueCreationInfoBuffer);
             PointerBuffer pp = MemStack.mallocPointer(1);
 
-            VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProps = VkPhysicalDeviceProperties.malloc();
+            VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProps = VkPhysicalDeviceProperties.malloc(MemStack);
             vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(PhysDevice.GetPhysicalDevice(), deviceProps);
+            maxDrawIndirectCount = (int) Math.min(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.toUnsignedLong(deviceProps.limits().maxDrawIndirectCount()));
 
             int VendorID = deviceProps.vendorID();
             DeviceName = deviceProps.deviceNameString();
@@ -106,6 +114,9 @@ public class Device {
     }
 
     public GPU_VENDOR GetVendor(){return Vendor;}
+    public boolean multiDrawIndirect(){return multiDrawIndirect;}
+    public boolean drawIndirectFirstInstance(){return drawIndirectFirstInstance;}
+    public int maxDrawIndirectCount(){return maxDrawIndirectCount;}
 
     public String GetDeviceName(){return DeviceName;}
 

terrain4j.properties

@@ -11,7 +11,17 @@ Renderer=1
 RenderingAPI=Vulkan
 RequestedImages=3
 ShaderRecompiling=true
-ShadowMapSize=512
+ShadowMapSize=1024
+max_shadow_distance=96
+ssao_scale=0.5
+ssao_samples=16
+ssr_scale=0.5
+ssr_steps=24
+bloom_scale=0.25
+bloom_passes=2
+voxel_chunk_radius=32
+voxel_generations_per_frame=1024
+voxel_face_pool_mib=2048
 Software_Icon=ProgramIcon.png
 Software_Icon_Path=/WindowResources/Icon/
 Software_Title=Terrain4J Game Engine
@@ -20,8 +30,8 @@ cap_fast_to_tickrate=true
 cap_main_to_tickrate=true
 cap_master_to_tickrate=true
 compatibility_mode=false
-display_height=480
+display_height=1080
-display_width=640
+display_width=1920
 fast_thread_tickrate=240
 field_of_view=60.0f
 frame_accuracy=0